Thermal time shifting: Leveraging phase change materials to reduce cooling costs in warehouse-scale computers

Datacenters, or warehouse scale computers, are rapidly increasing in size and power consumption. However, this growth comes at the cost of an increasing thermal load that must be removed to prevent overheating and server failure. In this paper, we propose to use phase changing materials (PCM) to shape the thermal load of a datacenter, absorbing and releasing heat when it is advantageous to do so. We present and validate a methodology to study the impact of PCM on a datacenter, and evaluate two important opportunities for cost savings. We find that in a datacenter with full cooling system subscription, PCM can reduce the necessary cooling system size by up to 12% without impacting peak throughput, or increase the number of servers by up to 14.6% without increasing the cooling load. In a thermally constrained setting, PCM can increase peak throughput up to 69% while delaying the onset of thermal limits by over 3 hours.