理解大数据:数字时代的数据演算

Report Luohan Academy
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引用次数: 9

摘要

信息处理被定义为“以观察者可以探测到的任何方式对信息的变化(处理),一个描述宇宙中发生的一切的过程,从岩石的坠落到数字计算机系统的文本文件的打印。”人类社会早就认识到,信息处理和共享对于追求身体、社会和经济福祉至关重要。了解和分享周围环境的信息对于在现实世界中取得成功至关重要。了解和分享“邻居”的信息对于在社会上取得成功至关重要。为了更好地服务客户,“了解你的客户”(KYC)是商业世界成功的最高准则。分享这些信息——黄页的做法,使某些个人信息,如姓名、电话号码和地址公开——已经成为现代人际关系的传统。数字化信息的广泛使用已经达到了一个新的高度,我们称之为“大数据”时代。这在带来前所未有的社会合作的同时,也加剧了三大担忧:在大数据时代,我们如何妥善保护个人隐私?我们如何理解和管理数据使用带来的利益和风险的所有权和分配?大数据的使用是否会导致“赢家通吃”的市场,从而破坏竞争,损害消费者和社会利益?这些都是本报告的主题。我们专注于分析有关“大数据”的具体证据,以得出其影响的结论。正如诺贝尔奖得主罗纳德•科斯(Ronald Coase, 1994)所建议的那样,重要的是要远离往往只存在于(理论家)头脑中的纯粹“黑板经济学”:“我们需要的是更多的实证工作……一个有灵感的理论家可能没有这样的实证工作也能做得很好,但是……灵感最有可能来自系统收集数据所揭示的模式、谜题和异常现象所提供的刺激,特别是当主要需要打破我们现有的思维习惯时。这一观点尤其重要,因为与许多生产投入不同,数据具有非竞争性和不可分离性。除非采取以证据为基础的综合和多利益攸关方方法,否则用户可能在保护的名义下无意中受到伤害。我们不想“肢解下金蛋的鹅”。
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Understanding Big Data: Data Calculus in the Digital Era
Information processing has been defined as “the change (processing) of information in any manner detect- able by an observer, a process that describes everything that happens in the universe, from the falling of a rock to the printing of a text file from a digital computer system.” Human society has long realized that information processing and sharing are essential to the pursuit of physical, social, and economic well-being. Knowing and sharing information about one’s surroundings is essential to success in the physical world. Knowing and sharing information about one’s “neighbors” is essential to success in the social world. “Knowing-your-customers” (KYC) in order to serve them well is the supreme norm for success in the business world. Sharing that information – the Yellow Pages practice that makes certain personal information, such as name, telephone number, and address public – has become a tradition in modern human relations.

The pervasive use of digitized information has reached a new height that we call the era of "big data." While this has led to unprecedented societal cooperation, it has also intensified three major concerns: How can we properly protect personal privacy in the age of big data? How do we understand and manage the ownership and distribution of benefits and risks arising from the use of data? Will the use of big data lead to "winner-take-all" markets that undermine competition to the detriment of consumers and society? These are the subjects of this report.

We focus on analyzing concrete evidence about "big data" to draw conclusions on its impact. As Nobel Laureate Ronald Coase (1994) suggested, it is important to step away from pure "blackboard economics" that tends to only live in [a theoretician's] mind: "what we need is more empirical work ... An inspired theoretician might do as well without such empirical work, but ... the inspiration is most likely to come through the stimulus provided by the patterns, puzzles, and anomalies revealed by the systematic gathering of data, particularly when the prime need is to break our existing habits of thought."

This viewpoint is particularly relevant because, unlike many production inputs, data has the properties of non-rivalry and non-separability. Unless an evidence-based, integrated and multi-stakeholder approach is adopted, users can be unintentionally hurt in the name of protection. We don’t want to "dismember the goose that laid the golden egg."
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