Topical issues of pathogenesis and diagnosis of gluten-associated diseases: celiac disease, wheat allergy, non-celiac sensitivity to gluten.

Historically, the consumption of wheat and other gluten-containing grains became an essential part of the diet of many people around the world. Despite this fact, in recent years gluten-free diet is becoming more and more widespread based on scientific unfounded perception suggesting that gluten is toxic for humans. According to current guidelines only patients diagnosed with celiac disease or wheat allergy are advised to follow a strict gluten-free diet. Another gluten-related disease is called nonceliac gluten sensitivity, which is related with distress after gluten consumption and improvement in the person's internal state after avoidance of gluten. Although important scientific advances have been made in the understanding of the pathologic mechanisms behind nonceliac gluten sensitivity, this disorder still has no generally accepted definition and treatment. In the present review, the modern conception of the immunopathology of gluten-related diseases and overview of the new potential therapies are presented.