沿海水域(黑海塞瓦斯托波尔湾)与钚放射性同位素有关的水生生物和悬浮物积累能力

A. Paraskiv, N. Tereshchenko, V. Proskurnin, O. Chuzhikova-Proskurnina, A. Trapeznikov, Anatoliy P. Plataev
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引用次数: 0

摘要

海洋生态系统生物和非生物组分的积累能力是水体自净化机制之一。水生生物和悬浮物从水中积累人为物质,从而有助于水的自我净化。研究这一过程的数量特征对于评估水生生态系统的生态状况和人为物质对海洋生物可能产生的影响并确保对其进行保护具有重要意义。进入水系的人为物质包括人工放射性核素。其中,钚的放射性同位素239+240Pu占有特殊的地位。239+240Pu是长寿命的α -放射放射性同位素,如果它们进入生物体,会特别危险。因此,需要评估与这些放射性同位素有关的水生生物积累能力,以及它们对海洋生物群造成的剂量负荷。本研究在受到人为放射性核素污染的黑海塞瓦斯托波尔湾进行,目前是研究239+240Pu在海洋沿海生态系统中再分配的模型对象。本研究旨在通过测定海湾生态系统各组成部分239+240Pu活性浓度,评估与钚有关的水生生物和悬浮物的积累能力以及239+240Pu对不同营养水平海洋生物的剂量负荷。对多细胞褐藻和绿藻、双壳类、底栖和远洋鱼类、蟹类和桡足亚纲浮游动物的代表进行了研究。采用标准放射化学法和α -光谱法测定生态系统组分中239+240Pu活性浓度。利用浓度因子(Cf)估算了水中生物和悬浮物对239+240Pu的积累能力。使用ERICA评估工具2.0软件包计算海洋生物群的剂量负荷。结果表明,悬浮物在研究组分(Cf 239+240Pu - n·105)中积累能力最高,在研究的水生生物(Cf 239+240Pu - n·103)中,双壳类软体动物、多年生多细胞褐藻和远洋掠食性鱼类中积累能力最高。结果表明,海湾中钚的再分配过程导致其沉积在海湾的底部沉积物和长期生物成分中。同时,239+240Pu并没有从生态系统中去除,在一定条件下,它们可以作为二次污染进入水体。根据剂量负荷确定了初级生产者(浮游植物和多年生褐藻)、一级消费者(双壳类软体动物)和二级消费者(远洋掠食性鱼类)的海湾生态系统营养链的关键环节。本文包含5张图,1张表,48篇参考文献。
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Accumulation Ability of Hydrobionts and Suspended Matter in Relation to Plutonium Radioisotopes in Coastal Waters (Sevastopol Bay, the Black Sea)
The accumulation ability of marine ecosystems biotic and abiotic components is one of the water masses self-purification mechanisms. Hydrobionts and suspended matter accumulate anthropogenic substances from the water, thereby contributing to its self-purification. It is important to study the quantitative characteristics of this process in order to assess the ecological state of aquatic ecosystems and a possible impact of anthropogenic substances on marine organisms and ensure their protection. Anthropogenic substances entering the water systems include technogenic radionuclides. Among them, the plutonium radioisotopes 239+240Pu occupy a special place. Being long-lived alpha-emitting radioisotopes, 239+240Pu are especially dangerous if they enter inside the organism. Therefore, it is required to assess hydrobionts accumulation ability in relation to these radioisotopes, and the dose loads that they create on marine biota. This study was carried out in Sevastopol Bay of the Black Sea which was subjected to pollution by anthropogenic radionuclides and is currently serving as a model object for studying the redistribution of 239+240Pu in marine coastal ecosystems. This work was aimed to assess the accumulation ability of hydrobionts and suspended matter in relation to plutonium and the dose loads created by 239+240Pu on marine organisms, representatives of different trophic levels, based on determining the 239+240Pu activity concentration in the components of the bay ecosystem. Representatives of multicellular brown and green algae, bivalves, demersal and pelagic fish, crabs and zooplankton of the subclass Copepoda were studied. The 239+240Pu activity concentration in the ecosystem components was determined by standard radiochemical methods and alpha-spectrometry. The accumulation ability of hydrobionts and suspended matter in relation to 239+240Pu was estimated by the concentration factors (Cf). The dose loads on marine biota were calculated using the ERICA Assessment Tool 2.0 software package. It was found that suspended matter has the highest accumulation ability among the studied components (Cf 239+240Pu – n·105), as well as bivalve mollusks, perennial multicellular brown algae and pelagic predatory fish among the studied hydrobionts (Cf 239+240Pu – n·103). It is concluded that the processes of plutonium redistribution in the bay lead to its deposition in the bottom sediments and long-term biotic components of the bay. At the same time, 239+240Pu are not removed from the ecosystem and, under certain conditions, they can enter the water as secondary pollution. The critical links of the trophic chain in the bay ecosystem according to the dose loads are determined for the link of primary producers: phytoplankton and perennial brown algae, for consumers of the first order – bivalve mollusks, for consumers of the second order – pelagic predatory fish. The paper contains 5 Figures, 1 Tables, and 48 References.
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