为什么强烈建议使用口罩来阻止SARS-Cov-2的传播

J. Morán-López, A. Calles
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摘要

在14个月内,感染SARS-COV-2的人数已超过1.59亿,其中300多万人死亡。现在已经达成共识,被感染者在说话、咳嗽或打喷嚏时产生的唾液飞沫是冠状病毒病(COVID-19)最可能的传播途径之一。喷射出的液滴直径在0.4 ~ 450 μm之间。一旦水滴在空气中,它们就会受到重力和空气摩擦力的影响,从而决定它们的运动。通过详尽的空气动力学研究表明,气溶胶液滴(小于5 μm)可以在环境中停留很长时间,并被气流输送。较大的液滴用时更短,落在半径1.5至2米的圆圈内。最重要的是液滴的大小分布,人们已经做了很多努力来描述这一点。通过对唾液液滴数量产生的对数-对数高斯分布进行建模,估计了喷出液滴的病毒负荷作为液滴大小的函数。假设一个恒定的病毒密度,我们估计病毒进入环境的数量。口罩的使用大大减少了感染者向空气中排放的飞沫和健康人吸入的飞沫。我们强调适当的面部保护对于最大限度地减少COVID-19的传播和减少死亡人数至关重要。
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Why Nose and Mouth Coverings are Highly Recommended to Impede SARS-Cov-2 Spread
In fourteen months the number of infected people with SARS-COV-2 has reached more than 159 millions and from those more than 3 million have resulted in death. There is now a consensus that the airborne saliva droplets, that are produced while speaking, coughingor sneezing by infected people is one of the most likely routes of transmission of the corona virus disease (COVID-19). The expelled droplets can measure between 0.4 and 450 μm in diameter. Once the droplets are in the air, they are subject to the gravitational, and air frictional forces that dictate their motion. Through exhaustive aerodynamic studies it has been shown that the aerosol droplets (less than 5 μm) can remain in the environment for very long periods of time and be transported by air currents. Larger droplets take shorter times and land within a circle of 1.5 to 2 m radius. Of key importance is the droplet size distribution and many efforts have been done to characterize this. By modeling the production of the number of saliva droplets with log-log Gaussian distributions, the virial load of the expelled droplets is estimated as a function of droplet size. Assuming a constant virus density, we estimate the amount of virus delivered into the environment. The use of face masks reduce drastically the amount of droplets emitted to the air by an infected person and to be inhaled by a healthy one. We emphasize the great importance of using adequate face protection to minimize COVID-19, transmission and to reduce the death toll due to this disease.
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