Absolute Mueller Polarimeters Based on Dual-Rotating Imperfect Retarders and Arbitrary Ratio of Angular Velocities

Dual-rotating retarder polarimeters constitute a family of well-known instruments that are used today in a great variety of scientific and industrial contexts. In this work, the periodic intensity signal containing the information of all sixteen Mueller elements of depolarizing or nondepolarizing samples is determined for different ratios of angular velocities and non-ideal retarders, which are mathematically modeled with arbitrary retardances and take into account the possible diattenuating effect exhibited by both retarders. The alternative choices for generating a sufficient number of Fourier harmonics as well as their discriminating power are discussed. A general self-calibration procedure, which provides the effective values of the retardances and diattenuations of the retarders, the relative angles of the retarders and the analyzer, and the overall scale coefficient introduced by the detection and processing device are also described, leading to the absolute measurement of the Mueller matrix of the sample.