An accurate design approach for two-stage CMOS operational amplifiers

This paper presents an accurate design approach for two-stage CMOS operational amplifiers developed based on the usual design procedure. It eliminates the errors existed in design results by employing the accurate MOS model and carrying out the design procedure iteratively. The specifications of the amplifier designed by this approach match exactly with the user specified values. A design example in 0.18μm CMOS technology is given to illustrate the effectiveness of the proposed design approach.