有机农场氮循环的生态管理

Nitrogen Pub Date : 2023-01-29 DOI:10.3390/nitrogen4010006
H. Valenzuela
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引用次数: 2

摘要

氮素有效性是有机作物生产的主要限制因素之一。根据认证标准,有机农业的核心目标是依靠生态和生物原理来建立和保持土壤健康。氮是最复杂的营养元素之一,就其不同的化学形式及其在土壤、微生物、植物、水生和大气等环境中的流动而言。因为,从生态学的角度来看,农场的所有生产变量都是相互关联的,科学家和实践者面临的挑战是更好地了解农场的营养循环,以及特定的生产实践如何在作物生长的特定阶段提高氮的可用性,同时最大限度地减少可能导致地下水和水生栖息地污染或不良温室气体排放的潜在环境损失。在此,基于对文献的精选回顾,我们评估了农场层面的氮循环,并提出了可用于改善内部氮循环的关键生态管理策略。鉴于大多数生态系统相互作用的地点特殊性,本文提出了一种参与式生态农业方法,该方法结合了土著和传统文化的知识,以更好地理解和设计具有复原力和社会公平的有机系统。
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Ecological Management of the Nitrogen Cycle in Organic Farms
Nitrogen availability is among the major limiting factors for the production of organic crops. A central goal of organic farming, according to certification standards, is to rely on ecological and biological principles to build and maintain soil health. Nitrogen is among the most complex nutrient elements with respect to its different chemical forms and its flow within the environment at the soil, microbial, plant, aquatic, and atmospheric levels. Because, from an ecological perspective, all production variables on the farm are interrelated, a challenge for scientists and practitioners is to better understand nutrient cycles on the farm with respect to how particular production practices may improve N availability during particular stages of crop growth while minimizing potential environmental losses that may lead to contamination of the groundwater and aquatic habitats or to undesirable greenhouse gas emissions. Here, based on a selected review of the literature, we evaluate N cycles at the farm level and present key ecologically-based management strategies that may be adopted to improve internal N cycles. Given the location-specific nature of most ecosystem interactions, a participatory agroecology approach is proposed that incorporates the knowledge of indigenous and traditional cultures to better understand and design resilient and socially-equitable organic systems.
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