家庭、朋友和地点对儿童中期和青少年早期人力资本发展的重要性

J. Creamer
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摘要

本文通过社会经济和地方差距记录了两个儿童的社会心理能力,骄傲和自尊方面的差距。然后研究了与父母和同伴的关系如何成为这些能力的决定因素,以及改善关系如何缩小差距。从“年轻的生活”调查中选取了一组年龄在6至12岁之间的秘鲁儿童及其兄弟姐妹进行分析。非参数分析绘制了儿童的骄傲、自尊及其与同伴和父母关系的财富和地区差异。差距是普遍存在的,但随着孩子年龄的增长,在同伴关系之外的所有方面都会缩小。值得注意的是,农村家庭的亲子关系比城市家庭差,这说明了生活在农村地区的后果之一。参数分析估计财富梯度和骄傲和自尊的决定因素。研究结果表明,亲子关系非常重要,可以解释50%到80%的孩子在骄傲和自尊方面的差异。虽然在平均值上存在差距,但在这个样本中,没有证据表明骄傲和自尊存在财富梯度。在兄弟姐妹差异模型中,利用样本的独特兄弟姐妹方面来改进识别,表明初始估计对家庭固定效应是稳健的。分解结果表明,改善亲子关系可以消除贫富和地域之间的平均自尊差距,贫困家庭的改善率为21%,农村家庭的改善率为80%。这些估计表明,以前没有衡量关系质量的文献提供了父母对孩子发展影响的下限估计。能够改善这些关系,特别是亲子关系的政策对于使较贫穷的儿童获得今后克服贫穷的必要人力资本是很重要的。
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The Importance of Family, Friends and Location on the Development of Human Capital in Mid-Childhood and Early Adolescence
This paper documents gaps in two children’s psychosocial competencies, pride and self-esteem, by socioeconomic and locality gaps. It then examines how relationships with parents and peers act as determinants of these competencies and how improvements in relationships can close gaps. A cohort of Peruvian children and their siblings between the ages of 6 and 12 from the Young Lives survey is used for the analysis. Non-parametric analysis maps the differences by wealth and locality in children’s pride, self-esteem, and their relationship with peers and parents. Gaps are prevalent, but diminish as children age in all measures outside of peer relationships. Notably, parent-child relationships in rural households are worse than those in urban settings, illustrating one of the consequences of living in rural areas. Parametric analysis estimates wealth gradients and determinants of pride and self-esteem. The results show that relationships are hugely important, explaining between 50 to 80 percent of the variance in children’s pride and self-esteem together. While there are gaps at the mean, there is no evidence of wealth gradients in this sample for pride and self-esteem. The unique sibling’s aspect of the sample is exploited in a siblings difference model to improve identification, showing that the initial estimates are robust to household fixed effects. Decomposition results show that mean gaps in pride and self-esteem by wealth and locality can be closed by improving the parent-child relationship, with improvements of 21% in poor households and 80% for rural households. These estimates suggest that the previous literature which do not measure the quality of relationships provide lower bound estimates of the effect of parents on their children’s development. Policies which can improve these relationships, especially the parent-child relationship, are important for giving poorer children the essential human capital to overcome poverty in the future.
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