A Review of the Graphene Synthesis Routes and its Applications in Electrochemical Energy Storage

Abstract Graphene – a carbon nanomaterial has gained huge research interest due to its intriguing and extraordinary properties such as large surface area, excellent electrical conductivity, ultra-thinness, high electron mobility, and superior mechanical strength. The combination of graphene with other inorganic nanoparticles can significantly boost its physiochemical properties and hence, opens up new frontiers of its utilization. Grapheneis significantly exploited for the energy storage systems due to its great potential for electrochemical energy storage . However, the experimental electrochemical performance of graphene is still far away from the theoretical facts. This study critically evaluated the existing synthesis routes for the production of graphene, graphene-based composites and their utilization in the energy storage applications. Furthermore, the techno-economic analysis of the synthesis methods was undertaken to determine the best routes in terms of sustainability for commercial graphene production. Lastly, the fundamental understanding of graphene growth mechanisms and the overall intricacies of the synthesis processes were highlighted and the possible way forward is proposed. Therefore, in the quest for the development of effective alternative yet sustainable energy storage devices; it is hoped that this research will give useful insights to researchers and key players in the electronics industry. Graphical Abstract