压力锅、安全阀和苏联时期的大规模恐怖

IF 0.2 4区 历史学 Q2 HISTORY RUSSIAN HISTORY-HISTOIRE RUSSE Pub Date : 2020-06-10 DOI:10.30965/18763316-04701007
Janet D. Martin
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引用次数: 0

摘要

查尔斯·哈尔佩林强调,如果不考虑莫斯科的政治、经济、社会和文化历史,就不可能理解伊凡四世及其政策。为了解释奥普里契纳的大规模恐怖,哈尔佩林特别深入研究了社会历史,发现恐怖的根源在于士绅的建立和扩大,这需要高度的社会流动性。由于没有任何机制来释放社会流动性所产生的焦虑,社会压力不断增加,直到oprichnina的建立为士绅们提供了一个机会,以肆无忌惮的暴力来释放他们的挫败感。一项对更广泛的社会和经济发展的调查显示,士绅们不得不应对来自多种来源的压力,这些压力比社会流动性更令人不安、更持久。这也表明绅士们确实有自己的机制来表达和减轻他们的焦虑。这项调查没有证实或否认哈尔佩林的结论,即乡绅oprichniki违反了伊万的意图,应对大规模恐怖活动负责。它确实表明,要发现士绅行为的根源,可能有必要考虑莫斯科复杂、动态的社会和经济历史中更广泛的因素。
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Pressure Cookers, Safety Valves, and Mass Terror during the Oprichnina
It is not possible to understand Ivan iv and his policies, Charles Halperin emphasizes, without taking into account Muscovite political, economic, social, and cultural history. To explain the mass terror that characterized the oprichnina, Halperin delves particularly into social history and finds the roots of the terror in the establishment and enlargement of the gentry, which entailed a high degree of social mobility. Without any mechanisms for releasing the anxiety produced by social mobility, social pressures mounted until the establishment of the oprichnina provided an opportunity for the gentry to release their frustrations in unrestrained violence. An inquiry into a wider range of social and economic developments reveals that the gentry had to deal with stress arising from multiple sources, more disturbing and persistent than social mobility. It also indicates that the gentry did have mechanisms at their disposal to express and alleviate their anxieties. This inquiry does not confirm or reject Halperin’s conclusion that gentry oprichniki, contravening Ivan’s intent, were responsible for unleashing mass terror. It does suggest that to discover the roots of the gentry’s actions it may be necessary to consider a wider range of factors in Muscovy’s complex, dynamic social and economic history.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
0.30
自引率
50.00%
发文量
24
期刊介绍: Russian History’s mission is the publication of original articles on the history of Russia through the centuries, in the assumption that all past experiences are inter-related. Russian History seeks to discover, analyze, and understand the most interesting experiences and relationships and elucidate their causes and consequences. Contributors to the journal take their stand from different perspectives: intellectual, economic and military history, domestic, social and class relations, relations with non-Russian peoples, nutrition and health, all possible events that had an influence on Russia. Russian History is the international platform for the presentation of such findings.
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