The evidence supporting radiation safety methods- working towards zero operator exposure

The potential dangers of exposure to X-rays were apparent early after the first clinical applications, prompting the eventual development of standards regarding exposure. Physicians performing interventional procedures that are guided by X-rays are not immune to these potential dangers despite remaining outside of the primary beam. Contemporary studies regarding deleterious subclinical and clinical effects associated with chronic exposure to medical radiation have raised awareness in the interventional community. In recent years, investigations regarding feasible processes to reduce operator exposure have been published and are summarized in this review. Immediate universal implementation of many of these methods may result in significant decreases in operator and patient exposure. Future research in this field will help further define the risk posed by X-ray guided procedures and lead to a safer interventional environment for patients, operators, and staff.