改善城市降水环境监测的可能性(以卢茨克为例)

M. Fedoniuk, V. Fedoniuk, Vasyl Volodymyrovych Ivantsiv
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引用次数: 0

摘要

问题的表述。城市降水的环境参数往往与背景值不一致,需要专门的观测程序。现有的状态监测系统不能反映城市区域内这些参数的空间分异,有待改进。本文的目的是:通过对主要观测参数和网点空间布置的论证,找出城市降雨环境监测的组织实施特点。主要结果基于作者在2015-2018年期间对卢茨克几个季度降水的数量、酸度和矿化的观测经验。通过对城市大气降水单项参数的观测和制图,揭示了酸度和矿化度指标对降水量、空气污染、空气流入方向、温度等的依赖关系。这些指标在城市的空间分异显著(振幅可达0.9单位pH和15-17 ppm的tds),并与人为排放的分布和一些小气候差异有关。因此,在组织城市降水生态监测系统时,需要重点确定pH值、矿化总量、降水量等基本参数,以及伴随的水温、气温、气流方向、二氧化碳浓度、前次无雨期持续时间等参数。要选择城市降水控制的代表性地点,需要分析以下指标:盛行风的方向、景观和地貌特征、大多数人为污染源的邻近程度、建筑物类型等。在这种情况下,最小监测方案应包括以下控制点:近郊和远郊(与流行气团的到达有关),大型工业区或交通交汇处的背风面,最大的绿化带,靠近城市水体的区域,以及住宅区的几个点(1-3)。具有科学新颖性和现实意义。确定了城市雨水环境监测空间组织的主要参数和原则。创建这种网络的算法已经在卢茨克进行了测试,可以在其他城市实现。基于微控制器的类似测量自动化将创建具有实时数据显示的高质量非状态监测网络。
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Possibilities for improvement of environmental monitoring of precipitation in the city (a case of Lutsk)
Formulation of the problem. The environmental parameters of precipitation in the city often differ from the background values and require the special observations program. The existing state monitoring system does not reflect the spatial differentiation of such parameters in urban areas, so it needs to be improved. The purpose of the article: to find out the features of organization and implementation of rainfall environmental monitoring in urban areas, with the justification of the main parameters of observation and spatial placement of network points. Methods. The main results are based on the authors' experience in own observations on the amount, acidity and mineralization of precipitation in several quarters of Lutsk during 2015-2018. Results. Own observations and mapping of individual parameters of atmospheric precipitation in the city allowed to reveal the dependence of the indexes of acidity and mineralization on the amount of precipitation, air pollution, directions of air inflow, temperature, etc. The spatial differentiation of these indicators in the city is significant (the amplitude can reach up to 0.9 units of pH and 15-17 ppm of tds) and is related to the distribution of anthropogenic emissions and some microclimatic differences. Therefore, by organization the system of ecological monitoring of precipitation in the city it is necessary to focus on the definition of such basic parameters: pH, total mineralization, amount of precipitation, and also concomitant: water and air temperature, direction of airflows, carbon dioxide concentration, duration of the previous rainless period, etc. To select the representative locations for the control of precipitation in the city, it is necessary to analyze the following indicators: direction of prevailing winds, landscape and geomorphological features, the proximity of the most sources of anthropogenic contamination, building types etc. In this case, the minimum monitoring scheme should include such control points: the near and far outskirts (in relation to the arrival of prevailing air masses), the leeward sides of large industrial zones or transport interchanges, the largest green zone, area near the city water body, and several points (1-3) in residential areas. Scientific novelty and practical significance. The main parameters and principles of the spatial organization of environmental monitoring of rainwater in the city are identified. The algorithm for creation such network has been tested in Lutsk and can be used for realization in other cities. Automation of similar measurements based on microcontrollers will to create quality non-state monitoring networks with the display of data in real time.
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