Case identification and formulation

The aims of this chapter are twofold. First, it outlines methods by which high-risk offenders with personality disorder can be identified in large samples of offenders. It presents a summary of the available evidence that relates to this task, while also drawing on the authors’ experience of implementing systems of case identification while working in the probation service in the UK. It is argued that adopting proactive systems of case identification not only is achievable but also holds a number of potential benefits. Second, the chapter considers approaches to formulation in the Offender Personality Disorder (OPD) community pathways services. Following a review of the literature and available models, the authors discuss how the London Pathways Partnership selected its current approach and provide a description of its practical application and the lessons learned from our experiences. The chapter ends with a discussion of future directions for both case identification and formulation.