磁化中子星的观测多样性

IF 19 1区 物理与天体物理 Q1 PHYSICS, MULTIDISCIPLINARY Reports on Progress in Physics Pub Date : 2019-09-24 DOI:10.1088/1361-6633/ab3def
T. Enoto, S. Kisaka, S. Shibata
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引用次数: 43

摘要

年轻的旋转动力中子星(NSs)通常被观察到是快速旋转的脉冲星。根据简单的稳定旋转磁偶极子模型,它们通过发射带有电磁辐射的脉冲星风来消散旋转能量,并以稳定的速度旋转。然而,在现实中,来自NS表面和磁层的多波长辐射观测表明,NS的演化和性质是高度多样化的,通常被称为“NS动物园”。特别是,许多年轻和高磁化的NSs表现出高度的活动,如零星的电磁爆发和脉冲到达时间的不规则变化。重要的是,它们的磁场是宇宙中最强的,使它们成为基础物理学的理想实验室。一类高磁化孤立的核粒子被经验地分为几个子类。在一个广泛的分类中,它们是,按照磁场强度(B)从最高的顺序,“磁星”(历史上被认为是软伽玛射线中继器和/或异常x射线脉冲星),“高B脉冲星”和(附近)x射线隔离的NSs。本文为非天体物理学家介绍了高磁化NSs的观测特性及其意义。观测到的NSs的动力学性质必须与磁能耗散过程中触发的瞬态磁活动结合起来解释。我们特别关注了用现代仪器观测到的纳米粒子的五个基本量,即质量、半径、自旋周期、表面温度和磁场,是如何随纳米粒子的演化而变化的,以及它们是如何随纳米粒子的类别而变化的。它们是未来NSs统一理论的基础。
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Observational diversity of magnetized neutron stars
Young and rotation-powered neutron stars (NSs) are commonly observed as rapidly-spinning pulsars. They dissipate their rotational energy by emitting pulsar wind with electromagnetic radiation and spin down at a steady rate, according to the simple steadily-rotating magnetic dipole model. In reality, however, multiwavelength observations of radiation from the NS surface and magnetosphere have revealed that the evolution and properties of NSs are highly diverse, often dubbed as ‘NS zoo’. In particular, many of young and highly magnetized NSs show a high degree of activities, such as sporadic electromagnetic outbursts and irregular changes in pulse arrival times. Importantly, their magnetic field, which are the strongest in the universe, makes them ideal laboratories for fundamental physics. A class of highly-magnetized isolated NSs is empirically divided into several subclasses. In a broad classification, they are, in the order of the magnetic field strength (B) from the highest, ‘magnetars’ (historically recognized as soft gamma-ray repeaters and/or anomalous x-ray pulsars), ‘high-B pulsars’, and (nearby) x-ray isolated NSs. This article presents an introductory review for non-astrophysicists about the observational properties of highly-magnetized NSs, and their implications. The observed dynamic nature of NSs must be interpreted in conjunction with transient magnetic activities triggered during magnetic-energy dissipation process. In particular, we focus on how the five fundamental quantities of NSs, i.e. mass, radius, spin period, surface temperature, and magnetic fields, as observed with modern instruments, change with evolution of, and vary depending on the class of, the NSs. They are the foundation for a future unified theory of NSs.
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来源期刊
Reports on Progress in Physics
Reports on Progress in Physics 物理-物理:综合
CiteScore
31.90
自引率
0.00%
发文量
45
审稿时长
6-12 weeks
期刊介绍: Reports on Progress in Physics is a highly selective journal with a mission to publish ground-breaking new research and authoritative invited reviews of the highest quality and significance across all areas of physics and related areas. Articles must be essential reading for specialists, and likely to be of broader multidisciplinary interest with the expectation for long-term scientific impact and influence on the current state and/or future direction of a field.
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