反对共产主义的美德。《美德时代:后苏联道德》莫斯科:《新文学观察》,2022年

IF 2.9 1区 哲学 Q1 ETHICS Journal of Political Philosophy Pub Date : 2022-12-23 DOI:10.30570/2078-5089-2022-107-4-186-196
D. Davydov
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引用次数: 0

摘要

本文致力于理解列昂尼德·菲什曼的专著《美德时代:苏联道德之后》中提出的观点,该书提出了苏联“高尚”的共产主义道德迅速毁灭的原因,以及20世纪90年代俄罗斯社会滑向“所有人反对所有人的战争”状态的问题。菲什曼将自己的任务设定为“善”生“恶”,并指出苏联的共产主义道德由于所谓的美德伦理和原则伦理的结合而包含着一种内部矛盾。美德包括与特定群体相关的价值观。同时,美德伦理具有两重性。在一定的社会环境下,它有助于培养一个追求高社会目标的和谐个体。如果道德原则高于它,设定更高的目标和关于如何对待社会其他成员的一般观念,就会发生这种情况。但是,如果原则的伦理不再起作用,就没有什么能阻止美德为纯粹的邪恶服务,因为即使是黑手党家族的成员,对英雄主义、奉献和荣誉也并不陌生。菲什曼展示了美德伦理如何逐渐取代原则伦理,使伟大的共产主义工程更接近崩溃。根据德米特里·达维多夫的结论,菲什曼研究的价值不仅仅是历史价值。任何共产主义计划都不能排除其人文主义核心,即关注个人的解放,或强调个人在这些或其他社区中的社会化。但是,任何“和谐”的人格和任何为“善”服务的社区都有可能转变为它们的对立面:变成一个自私的个人和一个“朋友”的团体,对他们来说,每个“不与我们站在一起”的人都是敌人。
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Virtues against Communism Fishman. L.G. The Age of Virtues: After Soviet Morality. Moscow: New Literary Observer, 2022
The article is dedicated to comprehending the ideas set forth in the monograph by Leonid Fishman The Age of Virtues: After Soviet Morality, which raises the question of the reasons for the rapid destruction of “high” communist morality in the USSR, as well as the sliding of the Russian society in the 1990s into a state of “war of all against all”. Setting himself the task of tracing how “evil” is born from “good”, Fishman draws attention to the fact that the communist morality of the Soviet Union contained an internal contradiction due to the combination of what can be called virtue ethics and the ethics of principles. Virtues consist of values that are relevant to certain communities. At the same time, virtue ethics has a dual nature. Under certain social circumstances, it contributes to nurturing a harmonious individual who strives for high social goals. This happens if the ethics of principles rises above it, setting higher goals and general ideas about how to treat other members of society. But if the ethics of principles ceases to function, nothing prevents the virtues from serving pure evil, for even members of mafia clans are not strangers to heroism, devotion, and honor. Fishman demonstrates how the virtue ethics gradually replaced the ethics of principles, bringing closer the collapse of the great communist project. According to Dmitry Davydov’s conclusion, the value of Fishman’s research is greater than just historical. No communist project can exclude either its humanistic core, with the focus on the liberation of the individual, or its emphasis on the socialization of the individual in these or other communities. But any “harmonious” personality and any community that serves “the good” risk transforming into their opposites: into a selfish individual and an association of “friends”, for whom everyone “who is not with us” is an enemy.
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来源期刊
CiteScore
4.10
自引率
5.60%
发文量
17
期刊介绍: The Journal of Political Philosophy is an international journal devoted to the study of theoretical issues arising out of moral, legal and political life. It welcomes, and hopes to foster, work cutting across a variety of disciplinary concerns, among them philosophy, sociology, history, economics and political science. The journal encourages new approaches, including (but not limited to): feminism; environmentalism; critical theory, post-modernism and analytical Marxism; social and public choice theory; law and economics, critical legal studies and critical race studies; and game theoretic, socio-biological and anthropological approaches to politics. It also welcomes work in the history of political thought which builds to a larger philosophical point and work in the philosophy of the social sciences and applied ethics with broader political implications. Featuring a distinguished editorial board from major centres of thought from around the globe, the journal draws equally upon the work of non-philosophers and philosophers and provides a forum of debate between disparate factions who usually keep to their own separate journals.
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