Perception and Expectations of Vote Counting and Validation Systems: A Survey of Electoral Stakeholders

Inconsistencies, unclear processes, and procedures in most democratic countries' election management, particularly vote-counting, cause mistrust and dispute in election results. This study explores the perceptions and expectations of electoral stakeholders on vote counting and validation processes in different African countries. Employing thematic analysis and using the Activity Theory as a lens, the research identifies key themes, such as technical aspects, accuracy, speed, efficiency, transparency, security, challenges, improvements, and the roles of observers and Election Management Bodies (EMBs). The findings highlight various challenges, such as poor network coverage, insufficient staff training, and corruption, informing the formation of a requirement specification for vote counting and validation systems. Despite potential drawbacks and challenges associated with technology solutions, the study proposes a set of ideal requirements specifications for an accurate, efficient, transparent, and secure election vote counting and validation process. The study contributes to ongoing discussions on transparency, accessibility, and the use of electronic voting systems to enhance electoral accuracy and integrity. It suggests avenues for future research, including evaluating legal and regulatory frameworks, voter education, technical challenges, and alternative technological approaches to vote counting and validation.