{"title":"生态系统生态学的兴起及其在环境挑战中的应用","authors":"R. G. Woodmansee, S. R. Woodmansee","doi":"10.5194/WE-15-43-2015","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Before the 1970s, different disciplines had their own narrow perspectives of what ecologists and natural resource managers now call “ecosystems” and landscapes. For example, in these earlier days ecologists studied and measured things they could see, touch, count, weigh, or map. Ecologists speculated about plant succession and animal dynamics. Rangeland and pasture scientists and managers were concerned with forage and animal production. Foresters studied board feet (or meters) of timber, tree reproduction, and harvesting techniques from forest stands. Hydrologists studied millimeters of precipitation, water yield from watersheds, and the effects of various manipulations on water yield. Each of these disciplines mostly measured livings things above ground or water. Ecosystems were viewed as “black boxes”, if recognized at all. These disciplinary perspectives or “silo” views of systems meant little collaboration among scientific specialties. Ecology as a discipline was changing during the 1950s and 1960s. E. P. Odum and his brother H. T. Odum were beginning to conceptualize energy flow in “ecosystems”, and H. T. Odum was formulating early ideas about “systems ecology” (Odum, 1971). F. H. Bormann and G. E. Likens were formulating ideas about forested watersheds as “ecosystems” (Likens et al., 1977). This was the same period when “systems theory” was being developed by von Bertalanffy (1968), Forrester (1968), George van Dyne, Bernard Patten, Jerry Olson (Coleman, 2010), and others. The latter three introduced a new scientific paradigm: systems ecology (systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems). 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引用次数: 1
摘要
在20世纪70年代之前,不同的学科对生态学家和自然资源管理者现在所说的“生态系统”和景观都有自己狭隘的观点。例如,在早期,生态学家研究和测量他们可以看到、触摸到、计数、称重或绘制地图的东西。生态学家推测植物演替和动物动态。牧场和牧场的科学家和管理者关心的是饲料和动物生产。林务人员研究了木板英尺(或米)的木材、树木的繁殖和森林的采伐技术。水文学家研究了降雨量毫米数、流域水量以及各种操作对水量的影响。这些学科中的每一个都主要测量地面或水中的生物。生态系统被视为“黑盒子”,如果被承认的话。这些学科观点或系统的“筒仓”观点意味着科学专业之间的合作很少。生态学作为一门学科在20世纪50年代和60年代发生了变化。E. P. Odum和他的兄弟H. T. Odum开始将“生态系统”中的能量流概念化,H. T. Odum正在形成关于“系统生态学”的早期思想(Odum, 1971)。F. H. Bormann和G. E. Likens将森林流域视为“生态系统”(Likens et al., 1977)。在同一时期,“系统理论”由冯·贝塔兰菲(1968)、弗雷斯特(1968)、乔治·范·戴恩、伯纳德·彭定康、杰里·奥尔森(科尔曼,2010)等人发展起来。后三者引入了一种新的科学范式:系统生态学(系统生态学是生态学的一个跨学科领域,采用整体方法研究生态系统)。它可以被视为一般系统理论在生态学中的应用,为我们今天所知的生态系统科学做出了重大贡献(图1)。此外,在20世纪60年代末和70年代初,全球范围内出现了一种新的公众和机构意识,意识到迫在眉睫的环境问题。人们逐渐认识到需要采用跨学科的方法来解决问题。新的解决问题的范式——生态系统科学——在正确的时间出现的正确的科学——的诞生奠定了基础。
The rise of ecosystem ecology and its applications to environmental challenges
Before the 1970s, different disciplines had their own narrow perspectives of what ecologists and natural resource managers now call “ecosystems” and landscapes. For example, in these earlier days ecologists studied and measured things they could see, touch, count, weigh, or map. Ecologists speculated about plant succession and animal dynamics. Rangeland and pasture scientists and managers were concerned with forage and animal production. Foresters studied board feet (or meters) of timber, tree reproduction, and harvesting techniques from forest stands. Hydrologists studied millimeters of precipitation, water yield from watersheds, and the effects of various manipulations on water yield. Each of these disciplines mostly measured livings things above ground or water. Ecosystems were viewed as “black boxes”, if recognized at all. These disciplinary perspectives or “silo” views of systems meant little collaboration among scientific specialties. Ecology as a discipline was changing during the 1950s and 1960s. E. P. Odum and his brother H. T. Odum were beginning to conceptualize energy flow in “ecosystems”, and H. T. Odum was formulating early ideas about “systems ecology” (Odum, 1971). F. H. Bormann and G. E. Likens were formulating ideas about forested watersheds as “ecosystems” (Likens et al., 1977). This was the same period when “systems theory” was being developed by von Bertalanffy (1968), Forrester (1968), George van Dyne, Bernard Patten, Jerry Olson (Coleman, 2010), and others. The latter three introduced a new scientific paradigm: systems ecology (systems ecology is an interdisciplinary field of ecology, taking a holistic approach to the study of ecological systems). It can be seen as an application of general systems theory to ecology that contributed heavily to ecosystem science as we know it today (Fig. 1). Also, in the late 1960s and early 1970s period, a new public and institutional awareness of compelling environmental problems was emerging worldwide. The need for interdisciplinary approaches to problem solving was becoming recognized. The stage was set for the initiation of the new problem-solving paradigm, ecosystem science – the right science at the right time.
Web EcologyAgricultural and Biological Sciences-Ecology, Evolution, Behavior and Systematics
CiteScore
4.60
自引率
0.00%
发文量
6
审稿时长
17 weeks
期刊介绍:
Web Ecology (WE) is an open-access journal issued by the European Ecological Federation (EEF) representing the ecological societies within Europe and associated members. Its special value is to serve as a publication forum for national ecological societies that do not maintain their own society journal. Web Ecology publishes papers from all fields of ecology without any geographic restriction. It is a forum to communicate results of experimental, theoretical, and descriptive studies of general interest to an international audience. Original contributions, short communications, and reviews on ecological research on all kinds of organisms and ecosystems are welcome as well as papers that express emerging ideas and concepts with a sound scientific background.