《从已知到未知:18世纪植物学中的自然多样性、药物和类比——从图内福特、尤西厄兄弟和林奈的工作看》。

IF 0.7 1区 哲学 Q4 BIOLOGY Journal of the History of Biology Pub Date : 2023-12-01 Epub Date: 2023-11-10 DOI:10.1007/s10739-023-09741-9
Elisabeth de Cambiaire
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引用次数: 0

摘要

在17世纪末到18世纪中期的关键几十年里,随着欧洲的扩张,植物学的发展和随之而来的植物数量的增加,使得分类方法有了重大的发展,导致了“自然方法”的出现。这种发展在很大程度上是由准确识别药用植物的需要所驱动的,并建立在类比原则的基础上,特别是在与性质有关的方面。类比推理建立了植物之间的相关性(亲和力),以及它们的外部和内部特征(这里是药用特性)之间的相关性。世界各地收集的植物、名称和植物学信息的多样性加剧了人们的困惑。这引发了数据收集和参考的系统化,优先考虑对植物特征的细致观察和传统建立的药用特性的记录:它产生了自然分类和命名的原则方法,以属为代表,以提高植物知识的可靠性,这在医学环境中至关重要。植物学的范围急剧扩大,新方法拓宽了传统药用植物以外的研究。化学方法无法预测植物的特性,特别是未知植物群的特性,这加大了对类比和自然亲和力的依赖。
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"From the Known to the Unknown:" Nature's Diversity, Materia Medica, and Analogy in 18th Century Botany, Through the Work of Tournefort, the Jussieu Brothers, and Linnaeus.

The growth of botany following European expansion and the consequent increase of plants necessitated significant development in classification methodology, during the key decades spanning the late 17th to the mid-18th century, leading to the emergence of a "natural method." Much of this development was driven by the need to accurately identify medicinal plants, and was founded on the principle of analogy, used particularly in relation to properties. Analogical reasoning established correlations (affinities) between plants, moreover between their external and internal characteristics (here, medicinal properties). The diversity of plants, names, and botanical information gathered worldwide amplified confusion. This triggered the systematisation of the collection and referencing of data, prioritizing the meticulous observation of plant characteristics and the recording of medicinal properties as established by tradition: it resulted in principled methods of natural classification and nomenclature, represented by the genus, to enhance reliability of plant knowledge, which was crucial in medical contexts. The scope of botany increased dramatically, with new methods broadening studies beyond traditional medicinal plants. The failure of chemical methods to predict properties, particularly of unknown flora, amplified the reliance on analogy and on natural affinities.

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来源期刊
Journal of the History of Biology
Journal of the History of Biology 生物-科学史与科学哲学
CiteScore
1.40
自引率
12.50%
发文量
29
审稿时长
>12 weeks
期刊介绍: The Journal of the History of Biology is devoted to the history of the life sciences, with additional interest and concern in philosophical and social issues confronting biology in its varying historical contexts. While all historical epochs are welcome, particular attention has been paid in recent years to developments during the nineteenth and twentieth centuries. JHB is a recognized forum for scholarship on Darwin, but pieces that connect Darwinism with broader social and intellectual issues in the life sciences are especially encouraged. The journal serves both the working biologist who needs a full understanding of the historical and philosophical bases of the field and the historian of biology interested in following developments and making historiographical connections with the history of science.
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