孤雌生殖的地理学对我们的性知识有何启示?

IF 1.1 2区 社会学 Q3 CRIMINOLOGY & PENOLOGY Journal of Criminal Law & Criminology Pub Date : 2016-10-19 DOI:10.1098/rstb.2015.0538
Anaïs Tilquin, Hanna Kokko
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摘要

根据理论预测,如果可以选择无性生殖,那么有性生殖就很难维持,但有性生殖却非常普遍。要了解其中的原因,就必须关注那些有利于无性过渡或无性持续存在的重复出现的条件。地域孤雌生殖(Geographic parthenogenesis)是一个术语,用于描述有性和相关无性形式在地理分布上存在差异的各种模式。通常情况下,无性生殖被认为发生在某种意义上的边缘栖息地,但不同的研究对无性生殖的解释也不尽相同:孤雌生殖不仅可能在有性生殖分布的边缘附近占优势,也可能远远超出有性生殖的分布范围;孤雌生殖可能过多地出现在新的可定居地区(如以前的冰川地区),或非生物选择压力相对强于生物选择压力的栖息地(如寒冷、干燥的地区)。在此,我们回顾了文献中提出的各种模式、为解释这些模式而提出的假说以及它们所依赖的假设。令人惊讶的是,很少有数学模型将地理孤雌生殖作为其焦点问题,但如果(通常是生态学的)因果因素随地理环境的变化而可预测,那么所有的性别进化模型都可以在此框架内进行评估。我们还建议扩大所研究的类群范围,不要局限于传统的最受欢迎的类群。
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What does the geography of parthenogenesis teach us about sex?

Theory predicts that sexual reproduction is difficult to maintain if asexuality is an option, yet sex is very common. To understand why, it is important to pay attention to repeatably occurring conditions that favour transitions to, or persistence of, asexuality. Geographic parthenogenesis is a term that has been applied to describe a large variety of patterns where sexual and related asexual forms differ in their geographic distribution. Often asexuality is stated to occur in a habitat that is, in some sense, marginal, but the interpretation differs across studies: parthenogens might not only predominate near the margin of the sexuals' distribution, but might also extend far beyond the sexual range; they may be disproportionately found in newly colonizable areas (e.g. areas previously glaciated), or in habitats where abiotic selection pressures are relatively stronger than biotic ones (e.g. cold, dry). Here, we review the various patterns proposed in the literature, the hypotheses put forward to explain them, and the assumptions they rely on. Surprisingly, few mathematical models consider geographic parthenogenesis as their focal question, but all models for the evolution of sex could be evaluated in this framework if the (often ecological) causal factors vary predictably with geography. We also recommend broadening the taxa studied beyond the traditional favourites.This article is part of the themed issue 'Weird sex: the underappreciated diversity of sexual reproduction'.

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