Review on Estrus Synchronization and Its Application in Cattle

Numbers of estrus synchronization programmes are available in cattle based on the use of various hormones like progesterone, prostaglandin F2α and their various combinations with other hormones like estrogen and Gonadotrophin Releasing hormone (GnRH). Selection of appropriate estrus synchronization protocol should be made on the basis of management capabilities and expectations of the farmer. Synchronization of oestrus can be accomplished with the injection of prostaglandin F2α alone, but it needs proper detection of the ovarian status of the cows as prostaglandin F2α is active in only functional corpus luteum in between 8 to 17 days of estrous cycle. Progesterone may reduce fertility up to 14 percent, but short time progesterone exposure (less than 14 days) is beneficial. Addition of GnRH in the Progesterone or Prostaglandin based synchronization programme is helpful for more synchrony in estrus as GnRH may be helpful to synchronize the oestrous cycle in delayed pubertal heifers and post partum cows (Post partum anoestrum) and further a single, timed artificial insemination is possible with this method. New methods of synchronizing estrus in which the GnRH-PG protocol is preceded by progesterone treatment offer effective synchronization of estrus with high fertility.