Structured random differential testing of instruction decoders

Decoding binary executable files is a critical facility for software analysis, including debugging, performance monitoring, malware detection, cyber forensics, and sandboxing, among other techniques. As a foundational capability, binary decoding must be consistently correct for the techniques that rely on it to be viable. Unfortunately, modern instruction sets are huge and the encodings are complex, so as a result, modern binary decoders are buggy. In this paper, we present a testing methodology that automatically infers structural information for an instruction set and uses the inferred structure to efficiently generate structured-random test cases independent of the instruction set being tested. Our testing methodology includes automatic output verification using differential analysis and reassembly to generate error reports. This testing methodology requires little instruction-set-specific knowledge, allowing rapid testing of decoders for new architectures and extensions to existing ones. We have implemented our testing procedure in a tool name Fleece and used it to test multiple binary decoders (Intel XED, libopcodes, LLVM, Dyninst and Capstone) on multiple architectures (x86, ARM and PowerPC). Our testing efficiently covered thousands of instruction format variations for each instruction set and uncovered decoding bugs in every decoder we tested.