A survey of languages integrating functional, object-oriented and logic programming

Functional, object-oriented and logic programming are widely regarded as the three most dominant programming paradigms nowadays. For the past decade, many attempts have been made to integrate these three paradigms into a single language. This paper is a survey of this new breed of multiparadigm languages. First we give a succinct introduction to the three paradigms. Then we discuss a variety of approaches to the integration of the three paradigms through an overview of some of the existing multiparadigm languages. All possible combinations of the three paradigms, namely logic + object-oriented, functional + logic, functional + object-oriented, and object-oriented + logic + functional, are considered separately. For the purpose of classification, we have proposed a design space of programming languages called the FOOL-space.