共生水螅虫毒液系统变异及分工

IF 3.6 Q2 TOXICOLOGY Toxicon: X Pub Date : 2022-06-01 DOI:10.1016/j.toxcx.2022.100113
Anna M.L. Klompen , Steven M. Sanders , Paulyn Cartwright
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引用次数: 2

摘要

刺胞动物(水母、水螅、海葵和珊瑚)拥有一种独特的毒液产生、维持和释放方法,通过一个分散的系统,由不同类型的充满毒液的刺状结构组成,称为刺丝囊。在许多物种中,线虫囊类型在功能不同的组织中分布不均。这导致了一种预测,即不同类型的刺丝囊含有特定的毒液成分。共生水螅虫(Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus)是研究线虫囊类型及其毒液功能分布的理想系统,因为它们在群体内通过功能不同的息肉表现出分工。本文对不同类型的线虫囊(刺丝囊)的组成和分布进行了分析,结果表明,与生殖型(淋虫型)和掠食性(趾形虫型)相比,食性息肉(胃虫型)具有明显的刺丝囊。我们建立了一个线虫囊特异性报告系来追踪H. symbiolongicarpus的线虫囊发育(线虫发生),并能够证实线虫发生主要发生在腹虫的中部和整个匍匐茎(连接息肉的上皮管)。该报告系使我们能够分离出线虫囊特异性细胞谱系,用于新生转录组组装,注释毒液样基因(VLGs)并确定不同息肉类型的差异表达(de)。我们发现大多数VLGs在腹动物中上调,这与它是活跃的线虫发生的主要部位相一致。然而,尽管腹类动物产生更多的线虫囊,我们发现许多VLGs在趾形动物中显著上调,这表明这些VLGs可能对猎物捕获很重要。我们的转基因水螅报告系提供了一个机会来探索在一个显示劳动分工的水生动物群体中,毒液成分、刺丝囊多样性和生态分配之间复杂的相互作用。
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Venom system variation and the division of labor in the colonial hydrozoan Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus

Cnidarians (jellyfish, hydroids, sea anemones, and corals) possess a unique method for venom production, maintenance, and deployment through a decentralized system composed of different types of venom-filled stinging structures called nematocysts. In many species, nematocyst types are distributed heterogeneously across functionally distinct tissues. This has led to a prediction that different nematocyst types contain specific venom components. The colonial hydrozoan, Hydractinia symbiolongicarpus, is an ideal system to study the functional distribution of nematocyst types and their venoms, given that they display a division of labor through functionally distinct polyps within the colony. Here, we characterized the composition and distribution of nematocysts (cnidome) in the different polyp types and show that the feeding polyp (gastrozooid) has a distinct cnidome compared to the reproductive (gonozooid) and predatory polyp (dactylozooid). We generated a nematocyst-specific reporter line to track nematocyst development (nematogenesis) in H. symbiolongicarpus, and were able to confirm that nematogenesis primarily occurs in the mid-region of the gastrozooid and throughout stolons (tubes of epithelia that connect the polyps in the colony). This reporter line enabled us to isolate a nematocyst-specific lineage of cells for de novo transcriptome assembly, annotate venom-like genes (VLGs) and determine differential expression (DE) across polyp types. We show that a majority of VLGs are upregulated in gastrozooids, consistent with it being the primary site of active nematogenesis. However, despite gastrozooids producing more nematocysts, we found a number of VLGs significantly upregulated in dactylozooids, suggesting that these VLGs may be important for prey-capture. Our transgenic Hydractinia reporter line provides an opportunity to explore the complex interplay between venom composition, nematocyst diversity, and ecological partitioning in a colonial hydrozoan that displays a division of labor.

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来源期刊
Toxicon: X
Toxicon: X Pharmacology, Toxicology and Pharmaceutics-Toxicology
CiteScore
6.50
自引率
0.00%
发文量
33
审稿时长
14 weeks
期刊最新文献
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