是什么让我们变得聪明?

IF 2.9 2区 心理学 Q1 PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL Topics in Cognitive Science Pub Date : 2024-04-01 Epub Date: 2023-04-22 DOI:10.1111/tops.12656
Joseph Henrich, Michael Muthukrishna
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引用次数: 0

摘要

人类是如何变得足够聪明,能够生活在地球上几乎所有主要的生态系统中,创造出抵御致命瘟疫的疫苗,探索海洋深处,并经常乘坐铝管在 3 万英尺高空一边啃烤杏仁一边穿越地球?根据我们对人类进化的最新理解,我们将探讨是什么让我们比其他动物更加聪明。与传统观点相反,人类的聪明才智并非来自与生俱来的脑力或原始计算能力,而是来自世世代代在社区和网络中的信息共享。我们回顾了更大规模、更多样化和更优化的思维互联网络如何带来更快的创新,以及这种累积性文化进化过程的认知产品如何反馈性地使我们个人变得 "更聪明"--即更善于应对我们的社会和社会生态所带来的挑战和问题。在这里,我们不仅要考虑文化进化如何为我们提供 "思维工具"(如计数系统和分数),还要考虑文化进化如何塑造了我们的本体论(如细菌和女巫是否存在?)和认识论,包括我们对什么是 "好理由 "或 "好证据 "的概念(如梦是证据的来源吗?)在此基础上,我们将考虑文化进化是如何在亚人群中组织和分配文化知识和认知任务的,从而有效地将思维和生产转移到社区、人群或网络层面,形成集体信息处理和群体决策。文化进化可以通过政治、法律和科学等各种认识论机构来促进和约束认知,从而将无意识的暴民变成有智慧的人群。这些机构通过抑制或鼓励使用不同的文化认识论和本体论来处理信息,帮助人们更好地做出决策。
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What Makes Us Smart?

How did humans become clever enough to live in nearly every major ecosystem on earth, create vaccines against deadly plagues, explore the oceans depths, and routinely traverse the globe at 30,000 feet in aluminum tubes while nibbling on roasted almonds? Drawing on recent developments in our understanding of human evolution, we consider what makes us distinctively smarter than other animals. Contrary to conventional wisdom, human brilliance emerges not from our innate brainpower or raw computational capacities, but from the sharing of information in communities and networks over generations. We review how larger, more diverse, and more optimally interconnected networks of minds give rise to faster innovation and how the cognitive products of this cumulative cultural evolutionary process feedback to make us individually "smarter"-in the sense of being better at meeting the challenges and problems posed by our societies and socioecologies. Here, we consider not only how cultural evolution supplies us with "thinking tools" (like counting systems and fractions) but also how it has shaped our ontologies (e.g., do germs and witches exist?) and epistemologies, including our notions of what constitutes a "good reason" or "good evidence" (e.g., are dreams a source of evidence?). Building on this, we consider how cultural evolution has organized and distributed cultural knowledge and cognitive tasks among subpopulations, effectively shifting both thinking and production to the level of the community, population, or network, resulting in collective information processing and group decisions. Cultural evolution can turn mindless mobs into wise crowds by facilitating and constraining cognition through a wide variety of epistemic institutions-political, legal, and scientific. These institutions process information and aid better decision-making by suppressing or encouraging the use of different cultural epistemologies and ontologies.

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来源期刊
Topics in Cognitive Science
Topics in Cognitive Science PSYCHOLOGY, EXPERIMENTAL-
CiteScore
8.50
自引率
10.00%
发文量
52
期刊介绍: Topics in Cognitive Science (topiCS) is an innovative new journal that covers all areas of cognitive science including cognitive modeling, cognitive neuroscience, cognitive anthropology, and cognitive science and philosophy. topiCS aims to provide a forum for: -New communities of researchers- New controversies in established areas- Debates and commentaries- Reflections and integration The publication features multiple scholarly papers dedicated to a single topic. Some of these topics will appear together in one issue, but others may appear across several issues or develop into a regular feature. Controversies or debates started in one issue may be followed up by commentaries in a later issue, etc. However, the format and origin of the topics will vary greatly.
期刊最新文献
Team Cognition Research Is Transforming Cognitive Science. Predictive Processing, Rational Constructivism, and Bayesian Models of Development: Commentary. A Matter of Memory? Age-Invariant Relative Clause Disambiguation and Memory Interference in Older Adults. Personalized Model-Driven Interventions for Decisions From Experience. Social Rationality and Human Reasoning: Logical Expressivism and the Flat Mind.
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