脑老化和阿尔茨海默病中的自噬和有丝自噬受损

IF 1.7 Q3 CLINICAL NEUROLOGY Aging brain Pub Date : 2022-01-01 DOI:10.1016/j.nbas.2022.100056
Domenica Caponio , Kateřina Veverová , Shi-qi Zhang , Liu Shi , Garry Wong , Martin Vyhnalek , Evandro F. Fang
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引用次数: 5

摘要

阿尔茨海默病(AD)是一种最持久和最具破坏性的老年神经退行性疾病,其临床特点是发病隐匿,认知能力逐渐恶化,从记忆丧失到判断和推理能力受损。尽管经过多年的研究,仍然没有有效的治疗方法。自噬是细胞“垃圾”清除系统,在神经发生、神经元发育和活动以及大脑健康(包括记忆和学习)中起着重要作用。自噬的一个选择性亚型是线粒体自噬,它识别并降解受损或多余的线粒体,以维持健康和必要的细胞线粒体池。然而,来自动物模型和人类样本的新证据表明,自噬和有丝自噬的年龄依赖性减少,这在AD中也受到损害。自噬/有丝自噬的上调减缓了AD动物模型的记忆丧失并改善了临床特征。在这篇综述中,我们就自噬和有丝自噬及其与AD进展的关系进行综述。我们还总结了上调自噬/有丝自噬的方法。我们假设年龄依赖性受损的自噬/线粒体自噬是导致大脑老化的一个原因,也是AD的一个危险因素,而自噬/线粒体自噬恢复到更年轻的水平可以使大脑恢复健康。
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Compromised autophagy and mitophagy in brain ageing and Alzheimer’s diseases

Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is one of the most persistent and devastating neurodegenerative disorders of old age, and is characterized clinically by an insidious onset and a gradual, progressive deterioration of cognitive abilities, ranging from loss of memory to impairment of judgement and reasoning. Despite years of research, an effective cure is still not available. Autophagy is the cellular ‘garbage’ clearance system which plays fundamental roles in neurogenesis, neuronal development and activity, and brain health, including memory and learning. A selective sub-type of autophagy is mitophagy which recognizes and degrades damaged or superfluous mitochondria to maintain a healthy and necessary cellular mitochondrial pool. However, emerging evidence from animal models and human samples suggests an age-dependent reduction of autophagy and mitophagy, which are also compromised in AD. Upregulation of autophagy/mitophagy slows down memory loss and ameliorates clinical features in animal models of AD. In this review, we give an overview of autophagy and mitophagy and their link to the progression of AD. We also summarize approaches to upregulate autophagy/mitophagy. We hypothesize that age-dependent compromised autophagy/mitophagy is a cause of brain ageing and a risk factor for AD, while restoration of autophagy/mitophagy to more youthful levels could return the brain to health.

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Aging brain
Aging brain Neuroscience (General), Geriatrics and Gerontology
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