Computational simulation-based comparative analysis of standard 3D printing and conical nozzles for pneumatic and piston-driven bioprinting.

Bioprinting is an application of additive manufacturing that can deliver promising results in regenerative medicine. Hydrogels, as the most used materials in bioprinting, are experimentally analyzed to assure printability and suitability for cell culture. Besides hydrogel features, the inner geometry of the microextrusion head might have an equal impact not only on printability but also on cellular viability. In this regard, standard 3D printing nozzles have been widely studied to reduce inner pressure and get faster printings using highly viscous melted polymers. Computational fluid dynamics is a useful tool capable of simulating and predicting the hydrogel behavior when the extruder inner geometry is modified. Hence, the objective of this work is to comparatively study the performance of a standard 3D printing and conical nozzles in a microextrusion bioprinting process through computational simulation. Three bioprinting parameters, namely pressure, velocity, and shear stress, were calculated using the level-set method, considering a 22G conical tip and a 0.4 mm nozzle. Additionally, two microextrusion models, pneumatic and piston-driven, were simulated using dispensing pressure (15 kPa) and volumetric flow (10 mm³/s) as input, respectively. The results showed that the standard nozzle is suitable for bioprinting procedures. Specifically, the inner geometry of the nozzle increases the flow rate, while reducing the dispensing pressure and maintaining similar shear stress compared to the conical tip commonly used in bioprinting.