{"title":"漫画外交:视觉战略、帝国对抗和1890年英国对葡萄牙的最后通牒。","authors":"Maria Paula Diogo, Paula Urze, Ana Simões","doi":"10.1017/S0007087423000067","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This paper offers a novel interpretation of the 1890 British Ultimatum, by bringing to the front of the stage its techno-diplomatic dimension, often invisible in the canonical diplomatic and military narratives. Furthermore, we use an unconventional historical source to grasp the British-Portuguese imperial conflict over the African hinterland via the building of railways: the cartoons of the politically committed and polyvalent Portuguese artist and journalist Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro (1846-1905), published in his journal <i>Ponto nos iis</i>, from the end of 1889 and throughout 1890. We argue that the <i>Ponto nos iis</i> cartoons played a so far overlooked role in the unfolding of British-Portuguese affairs, as they shaped at a distance a diplomatic exchange with the British satirical journal <i>Punch</i>. Attacking and counterattacking his fellow cartoonists in Britain, Pinheiro surged into the role of informal diplomat. This cartoon visual and public diplomacy unfolded in the pages of both journals and was tied to the two countries' colonial conquests in Africa, where the Portuguese and British empires were competing to dominate the African hinterland through large technological systems. Hence the cartoons made visible to wider audiences the otherwise hidden role that technologies played in the two countries' affairs. 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引用次数: 0
摘要
本文对1890年英国最后通牒提供了一种新颖的解释,通过将其技术外交维度带到舞台的前面,这在典型的外交和军事叙事中往往是不可见的。此外,我们使用了一个非常规的历史来源,通过铁路的建设来把握英、葡萄牙帝国在非洲腹地的冲突:政治上坚定的、多面手的葡萄牙艺术家和记者Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro(1846-1905)的漫画,发表在他的杂志Ponto nos iis上,从1889年底到1890年。我们认为,《Ponto nos ii》漫画在英葡关系的发展中发挥了迄今为止被忽视的作用,因为它们与英国讽刺杂志《Punch》形成了远距离的外交往来。皮涅罗攻击和反击他在英国的漫画家同行,迅速成为非正式外交官。这种卡通般的视觉和公共外交展现在两份期刊的页面上,并与两国在非洲的殖民征服有关,葡萄牙和英国帝国在那里竞相通过大型技术系统控制非洲腹地。因此,这些漫画让更多的观众看到了科技在两国事务中扮演的隐藏角色。反过来,这些漫画旨在说服葡萄牙公众和统治阶级,只有从君主制到共和制的政权更迭,才能恢复葡萄牙受伤的民族自豪感。
Cartoon diplomacy: visual strategies, imperial rivalries and the 1890 British Ultimatum to Portugal.
This paper offers a novel interpretation of the 1890 British Ultimatum, by bringing to the front of the stage its techno-diplomatic dimension, often invisible in the canonical diplomatic and military narratives. Furthermore, we use an unconventional historical source to grasp the British-Portuguese imperial conflict over the African hinterland via the building of railways: the cartoons of the politically committed and polyvalent Portuguese artist and journalist Rafael Bordalo Pinheiro (1846-1905), published in his journal Ponto nos iis, from the end of 1889 and throughout 1890. We argue that the Ponto nos iis cartoons played a so far overlooked role in the unfolding of British-Portuguese affairs, as they shaped at a distance a diplomatic exchange with the British satirical journal Punch. Attacking and counterattacking his fellow cartoonists in Britain, Pinheiro surged into the role of informal diplomat. This cartoon visual and public diplomacy unfolded in the pages of both journals and was tied to the two countries' colonial conquests in Africa, where the Portuguese and British empires were competing to dominate the African hinterland through large technological systems. Hence the cartoons made visible to wider audiences the otherwise hidden role that technologies played in the two countries' affairs. In turn, the cartoons aimed at persuading the Portuguese public and ruling classes alike that only regime change, from monarchic to republican, would restore the wounded Portuguese national pride.
期刊介绍:
This leading international journal publishes scholarly papers and review articles on all aspects of the history of science. History of science is interpreted widely to include medicine, technology and social studies of science. BJHS papers make important and lively contributions to scholarship and the journal has been an essential library resource for more than thirty years. It is also used extensively by historians and scholars in related fields. A substantial book review section is a central feature. There are four issues a year, comprising an annual volume of over 600 pages. Published for the British Society for the History of Science