Annamaria Castello, Giovanni Lo Cascio, Clelia Ferraro, Licia Pantano, Antonella Costa, Gaspare Butera, Giuseppa Oliveri, Maria Laura Rizzuto, Rosa Alduina, Cinzia Cardamone
{"title":"与蔬菜消费、接触抗微生物菌株和农药残留有关的食品风险。","authors":"Annamaria Castello, Giovanni Lo Cascio, Clelia Ferraro, Licia Pantano, Antonella Costa, Gaspare Butera, Giuseppa Oliveri, Maria Laura Rizzuto, Rosa Alduina, Cinzia Cardamone","doi":"10.4081/ijfs.2023.11134","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. and the enumeration of <i>Enterococci</i>, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>E. coli</i> was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by <i>Enterococci</i> and 65.5% by <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the <i>blaTEM</i> gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (<i>tetA</i>, <i>tetB</i>, <i>tetC</i>, <i>tetD</i>, <i>tetW</i>) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The <i>qnrS</i> gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the <i>sulI</i> gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide- resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the <i>sulIII</i> gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. Also, the chemical contamination of vegetables should not be underestimated, especially considering that leafy vegetables are commonly consumed raw and that no official guidelines about maximum residue limits of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables are available.</p>","PeriodicalId":14508,"journal":{"name":"Italian Journal of Food Safety","volume":"12 2","pages":"11134"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8000,"publicationDate":"2023-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ftp.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pub/pmc/oa_pdf/26/41/ijfs-12-2-11134.PMC10316261.pdf","citationCount":"0","resultStr":"{\"title\":\"Food risk associated with vegetable consumption, exposure to antimicrobial-resistant strains and pesticide residues.\",\"authors\":\"Annamaria Castello, Giovanni Lo Cascio, Clelia Ferraro, Licia Pantano, Antonella Costa, Gaspare Butera, Giuseppa Oliveri, Maria Laura Rizzuto, Rosa Alduina, Cinzia Cardamone\",\"doi\":\"10.4081/ijfs.2023.11134\",\"DOIUrl\":null,\"url\":null,\"abstract\":\"<p><p>This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of <i>Salmonella</i> spp. and the enumeration of <i>Enterococci</i>, <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i>, and <i>Escherichia coli</i>. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by <i>Salmonella</i> spp., <i>E. coli</i> was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by <i>Enterococci</i> and 65.5% by <i>Enterobacteriaceae</i> (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the <i>blaTEM</i> gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (<i>tetA</i>, <i>tetB</i>, <i>tetC</i>, <i>tetD</i>, <i>tetW</i>) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The <i>qnrS</i> gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the <i>sulI</i> gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide- resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the <i>sulIII</i> gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. 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Food risk associated with vegetable consumption, exposure to antimicrobial-resistant strains and pesticide residues.
This preliminary study aimed to detect biological and chemical contaminants in vegetables sold in Sicily for human consumption, assess the spread of antimicrobial-resistant (AMR) strains in these foods, and characterize their antimicrobial-resistance genes. A total of 29 fresh and ready-to-eat samples were analyzed. Microbiological analyses were performed for the detection of Salmonella spp. and the enumeration of Enterococci, Enterobacteriaceae, and Escherichia coli. Antimicrobial resistance was assessed by the Kirby-Bauer method, according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute guidelines. Pesticides were detected by high-performance liquid chromatography and gas chromatography coupled with mass spectrometry. No samples were contaminated by Salmonella spp., E. coli was detected in 1 sample of fresh lettuce at a low bacterial count (2 log cfu/g). 17.24% of vegetables were contaminated by Enterococci and 65.5% by Enterobacteriaceae (bacterial counts between 1.56 log cfu/g and 5.93 log cfu/g and between 1.6 log cfu/g and 5.48 log cfu/g respectively). From 86.2% of vegetables, 53 AMR strains were isolated, and 10/53 isolates were multidrug resistant. Molecular analysis showed that the blaTEM gene was detected in 12/38 β-lactam-resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates. Genes conferring tetracycline resistance (tetA, tetB, tetC, tetD, tetW) were detected in 7/10 isolates. The qnrS gene was detected in 1/5 quinolone-resistant isolates, the sulI gene was detected in 1/4 sulfonamide- resistant/intermediate-resistant isolates and the sulIII gene was never detected. Pesticides were detected in 27.3% of samples, all of which were leafy vegetables. Despite the satisfactory hygienic status of samples, the high percentage of AMR bacteria detected stresses the need for an effective monitoring of these foods as well as adequate strategies to counteract the spread of AMR bacteria along the agricultural chain. Also, the chemical contamination of vegetables should not be underestimated, especially considering that leafy vegetables are commonly consumed raw and that no official guidelines about maximum residue limits of pesticides in ready-to-eat vegetables are available.
期刊介绍:
The Journal of Food Safety (IJFS) is the official journal of the Italian Association of Veterinary Food Hygienists (AIVI). The Journal addresses veterinary food hygienists, specialists in the food industry and experts offering technical support and advice on food of animal origin. The Journal of Food Safety publishes original research papers concerning food safety and hygiene, animal health, zoonoses and food safety, food safety economics. Reviews, editorials, technical reports, brief notes, conference proceedings, letters to the Editor, book reviews are also welcome. Every article published in the Journal will be peer-reviewed by experts in the field and selected by members of the editorial board. The publication of manuscripts is subject to the approval of the Editor who has knowledge of the field discussed in the manuscript in accordance with the principles of Peer Review; referees will be selected from the Editorial Board or among qualified scientists of the international scientific community. Articles must be written in English and must adhere to the guidelines and details contained in the Instructions to Authors.