M Réblová, M Hernández-Restrepo, F Sklenář, J Nekvindová, K Réblová, M Kolařík
{"title":"Consolidation of <i>Chloridium</i>: new classification into eight sections with 37 species and reinstatement of the genera <i>Gongromeriza</i> and <i>Psilobotrys</i>.","authors":"M Réblová, M Hernández-Restrepo, F Sklenář, J Nekvindová, K Réblová, M Kolařík","doi":"10.3114/sim.2022.103.04","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<p><p><i>Chloridium</i> is a little-studied group of soil- and wood-inhabiting dematiaceous hyphomycetes that share a rare mode of phialidic conidiogenesis on multiple loci. The genus has historically been divided into three morphological sections, <i>i.e.</i> <i>Chloridium</i>, <i>Gongromeriza</i>, and <i>Psilobotrys</i>. Sexual morphs have been placed in the widely perceived genus <i>Chaetosphaeria</i>, but unlike their asexual counterparts, they show little or no morphological variation. Recent molecular studies have expanded the generic concept to include species defined by a new set of morphological characters, such as the collar-like hyphae, setae, discrete phialides, and penicillately branched conidiophores. The study is based on the consilience of molecular species delimitation methods, phylogenetic analyses, ancestral state reconstruction, morphological hypotheses, and global biogeographic analyses. The multilocus phylogeny demonstrated that the classic concept of <i>Chloridium</i> is polyphyletic, and the original sections are not congeneric. Therefore, we abolish the existing classification and propose to restore the generic status of <i>Gongromeriza</i> and <i>Psilobotrys</i>. We present a new generic concept and define <i>Chloridium</i> as a monophyletic, polythetic genus comprising 37 species distributed in eight sections. In addition, of the taxa earlier referred to <i>Gongromeriza</i>, two have been redisposed to the new genus <i>Gongromerizella</i>. Analysis of published metabarcoding data showed that <i>Chloridium</i> is a common soil fungus representing a significant (0.3 %) proportion of sequence reads in environmental samples deposited in the GlobalFungi database. The analysis also showed that they are typically associated with forest habitats, and their distribution is strongly influenced by climate, which is confirmed by our data on their ability to grow at different temperatures. We demonstrated that <i>Chloridium</i> forms species-specific ranges of distribution, which is rarely documented for microscopic soil fungi. Our study shows the feasibility of using the GlobalFungi database to study the biogeography and ecology of fungi. <b>Taxonomic novelties:</b> <b>New genus:</b> <i>Gongromerizella</i> Réblová; <b>New sections:</b> <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Cryptogonytrichum</i> Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Gonytrichopsis</i> Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Metachloridium</i> Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Volubilia</i> Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar; <b>New species:</b> <i>Chloridium</i> <i>bellum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium biforme</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium detriticola</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium</i> <i>gamsii</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium guttiferum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium</i> <i>moratum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium peruense</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium novae-zelandiae</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium elongatum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium volubile</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; <b>New varieties:</b> <i>Chloridium bellum</i> var. <i>luteum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium</i> <i>detriticola</i> <i>var</i>. <i>effusum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium chloridioides</i> <i>var</i>. <i>convolutum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; <b>New combinations:</b> <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Gonytrichum</i> (Nees & T. Nees) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Mesobotrys</i> (Sacc.) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> section <i>Pseudophialocephala</i> (M.S. Calabon <i>et al.</i>) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, <i>Chloridium</i> <i>simile</i> (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium chloridioides</i> (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium subglobosum</i> (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium fuscum</i> (Corda) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium ypsilosporum</i> (Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium costaricense</i> (G. Weber <i>et al.</i>) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Chloridium cuneatum</i> (N.G. Liu <i>et al.</i>) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., <i>Fusichloridium cylindrosporum</i> (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová, <i>Gongromeriza myriocarpa</i> (Fr.) Réblová, <i>Gongromeriza pygmaea</i> (P. Karst.) Réblová, <i>Gongromerizella lignicola</i> (F. Mangenot) Réblová, <i>Gongromerizella pachytrachela</i> (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech) Réblová, <i>Gongromerizella pini</i> (Crous & Akulov) Réblová; <b>New name:</b> <i>Chloridium pellucidum</i> Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; <b>Epitypifications (basionyms):</b> <i>Chaetopsis fusca</i> Corda<i>, Gonytrichum caesium</i> <i>var</i>. <i>subglobosum</i> W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.; <b>Lectotypification (basionym):</b> <i>Gonytrichum caesium</i> Nees & T. Nees. <b>Citation:</b> Réblová M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Sklenář F, Nekvindová J, Réblová K, Kolařík M (2022). Consolidation of <i>Chloridium</i>: new classification into eight sections with 37 species and reinstatement of the genera <i>Gongromeriza</i> and <i>Psilobotrys</i>. <i>Studies in Mycology</i> <b>103</b>: 87-212. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.04.</p>","PeriodicalId":22036,"journal":{"name":"Studies in Mycology","volume":"103 ","pages":"87-212"},"PeriodicalIF":14.1000,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC10277272/pdf/","citationCount":"3","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Studies in Mycology","FirstCategoryId":"99","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.3114/sim.2022.103.04","RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"生物学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"Q1","JCRName":"MYCOLOGY","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 3
Abstract
Chloridium is a little-studied group of soil- and wood-inhabiting dematiaceous hyphomycetes that share a rare mode of phialidic conidiogenesis on multiple loci. The genus has historically been divided into three morphological sections, i.e.Chloridium, Gongromeriza, and Psilobotrys. Sexual morphs have been placed in the widely perceived genus Chaetosphaeria, but unlike their asexual counterparts, they show little or no morphological variation. Recent molecular studies have expanded the generic concept to include species defined by a new set of morphological characters, such as the collar-like hyphae, setae, discrete phialides, and penicillately branched conidiophores. The study is based on the consilience of molecular species delimitation methods, phylogenetic analyses, ancestral state reconstruction, morphological hypotheses, and global biogeographic analyses. The multilocus phylogeny demonstrated that the classic concept of Chloridium is polyphyletic, and the original sections are not congeneric. Therefore, we abolish the existing classification and propose to restore the generic status of Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys. We present a new generic concept and define Chloridium as a monophyletic, polythetic genus comprising 37 species distributed in eight sections. In addition, of the taxa earlier referred to Gongromeriza, two have been redisposed to the new genus Gongromerizella. Analysis of published metabarcoding data showed that Chloridium is a common soil fungus representing a significant (0.3 %) proportion of sequence reads in environmental samples deposited in the GlobalFungi database. The analysis also showed that they are typically associated with forest habitats, and their distribution is strongly influenced by climate, which is confirmed by our data on their ability to grow at different temperatures. We demonstrated that Chloridium forms species-specific ranges of distribution, which is rarely documented for microscopic soil fungi. Our study shows the feasibility of using the GlobalFungi database to study the biogeography and ecology of fungi. Taxonomic novelties:New genus:Gongromerizella Réblová; New sections:Chloridium section Cryptogonytrichum Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Gonytrichopsis Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Metachloridium Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Volubilia Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar; New species:Chloridiumbellum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium biforme Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium detriticola Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridiumgamsii Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium guttiferum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridiummoratum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium peruense Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium novae-zelandiae Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium elongatum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium volubile Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; New varieties:Chloridium bellum var. luteum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridiumdetriticolavar. effusum Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium chloridioidesvar. convolutum Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; New combinations:Chloridium section Gonytrichum (Nees & T. Nees) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Mesobotrys (Sacc.) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridium section Pseudophialocephala (M.S. Calabon et al.) Réblová, Hern.-Restr., M. Kolařík & F. Sklenar, Chloridiumsimile (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium chloridioides (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium subglobosum (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium fuscum (Corda) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium ypsilosporum (Hol.-Jech.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium costaricense (G. Weber et al.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Chloridium cuneatum (N.G. Liu et al.) Réblová & Hern.-Restr., Fusichloridium cylindrosporum (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.) Réblová, Gongromeriza myriocarpa (Fr.) Réblová, Gongromeriza pygmaea (P. Karst.) Réblová, Gongromerizella lignicola (F. Mangenot) Réblová, Gongromerizella pachytrachela (W. Gams & Hol.-Jech) Réblová, Gongromerizella pini (Crous & Akulov) Réblová; New name:Chloridium pellucidum Réblová & Hern.-Restr.; Epitypifications (basionyms):Chaetopsis fusca Corda, Gonytrichum caesiumvar. subglobosum W. Gams & Hol.-Jech.; Lectotypification (basionym):Gonytrichum caesium Nees & T. Nees. Citation: Réblová M, Hernández-Restrepo M, Sklenář F, Nekvindová J, Réblová K, Kolařík M (2022). Consolidation of Chloridium: new classification into eight sections with 37 species and reinstatement of the genera Gongromeriza and Psilobotrys. Studies in Mycology103: 87-212. doi: 10.3114/sim.2022.103.04.
期刊介绍:
The international journal Studies in Mycology focuses on advancing the understanding of filamentous fungi, yeasts, and various aspects of mycology. It publishes comprehensive systematic monographs as well as topical issues covering a wide range of subjects including biotechnology, ecology, molecular biology, pathology, and systematics. This Open-Access journal offers unrestricted access to its content.
Each issue of Studies in Mycology consists of around 5 to 6 papers, either in the form of monographs or special focused topics. Unlike traditional length restrictions, the journal encourages submissions of manuscripts with a minimum of 50 A4 pages in print. This ensures a thorough exploration and presentation of the research findings, maximizing the depth of the published work.