Genes linked with orthodontic issues and the knowledge gaps in this association

Abstract

Orthodontics is the study of malpositioned teeth and jaws. Some commonly found orthodontic issues are malocclusions, mandibular prognathism, retrognathism, and facial asymmetry. These issues are associated with several genetic factors. For instance, mandibular prognathism is related to gene variations, such as insulin-like growth factor 1 and the HoxC gene cluster. Facial asymmetry is related to NFATC1 and NBAS genes. Dental agenesis is related to several genes, including paired box 9 (PAX9), homeobox 1 (MSX1), and ectodysplasin A. Apart from these genes, several other genes, such as MYO1H gene, ACTN3 gene, ENPP1, ESR1 genes, PITX1 and PITX2 genes, IL1 gene, and PAX9 gene, have been studied in the orthodontic issues faced by people. Some of these genes, such as ENPP1 and ESR1 genes, are directly related to orthodontic issues, whereas some of the genes, such as ACTN3 genes, are associated with issues in the muscle tone that can eventually lead to orthodontic issues. This review deals with genes linked with orthodontics and the knowledge gaps in its association.