Overview and numerical analysis of 3D printing of steel

D. Schuöcker
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Abstract

3D laser metal printing is used to build up work pieces layer by layer from powderized or solid metal with the help of high-power laser welding. The latter process replaces conventional machining more and more due to the advantages of neglectible material loss and absence of tool wear,although disadvantages are a relatively low processing speed and sometimes necessary postprocessing. Two options are mainly used,namely the selective melting of preplaced metal powder with travelling laser (SLM) and also the melting down of a flow of powderized metal or solid metal wires with travelling nozzle and laser (LMD) where in the latter case the work piece volume is more or less unlimited but a health risks exists due to inhaled powder,both associated to the absence of housing . In the actual paper these two options are treated in detail where first of all the mechanical set up and its function are explained followed by a numerical analysis of the LMD process that can easily be used also for the SLM process and covers the phenomena ultimately necessary to run the processes .It demonstrates the influence of the main parameters as laser power,focus shape and size,travelling speed and others on the temperature of the molten material,layer width and thickness and in consequence on building rate and helps thus to optimize equipment and process. It is expected that these processes have a bright future especially if the development of enhanced processing speed will be successful.
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钢材3D打印概述及数值分析
3D激光金属打印是利用高功率激光焊接将粉末或固体金属逐层构建工件。后一种加工方法由于其材料损耗可忽略不计和刀具无磨损的优点而越来越多地取代传统的加工方法,尽管其缺点是加工速度相对较低,有时还需要进行后处理。主要使用两种选择,即使用移动激光(SLM)选择性熔化预先放置的金属粉末,以及使用移动喷嘴和激光(LMD)熔化粉末化金属或固体金属丝流,在后一种情况下,工件体积或多或少是无限的,但由于吸入粉末而存在健康风险,两者都与缺乏外壳有关。在实际的论文详细对待这两个选项,首先机械设置和它的功能是LMD的解释,后跟一个数值分析的过程也可以很容易地使用SLM过程和覆盖所需的现象最终运行过程的影响,表明随着激光功率的主要参数,集中的形状和大小,移动速度和其他人在熔融材料的温度,层宽度和厚度对建成率的影响,从而有助于优化设备和工艺。特别是在提高处理速度的研究取得成功的情况下,这些工艺具有广阔的发展前景。
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