북한의 광물 수출과 품목별 수입: 대중무역을 중심으로 (The Effects of North Korea's Mineral Export on Various Imports)

Byung-Yeon Kim, Minjung Kim, Dawool Kim
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Abstract

Korean Abstract: 이 연구는 1995년 1분기부터 2019년 3분기까지의 북·중무역 자료를 사용하여 북한의 가장 중요한 외화획득 원천이었던 광물 수출과 품목별 수입 간의 관계를 공적분, 벡터자기회귀모형, 그리고 충격반응함수를 통하여 분석하였다. 연구 결과에 따르면 광물 수출은 수입품 중 식품, 연료, 자본재류 중간재와 공적분 관계를 가지는 것으로 추정되었다. 한편, 벡터자기회귀 분석 결과 광물 수출에 구조변화가 있었던 2010년 3분기 전후로 광물 수출과 품목별 수입의 단기적인 관계에서 상반된 결과를 발견할 수 있었다. 구조변화 이전에는 수입 충격이 광물 수출에 영향을 준 반면 구조변화 이후에는 광물 수출 충격이 차량, 섬유류 중간재, 기타 중간재, 사치재 수입을 증가시키는 것으로 추정되었다.

본 연구의 추정결과는 2010년 이후 급증한 북한의 광물 수출이 북한의 경제성장에 기여할 가능성과 한계를 동시에 보여준다. 광물 수출이 식품, 연료 등의 필수재와 더불어 자본재류 중간재와 공적분 관계를 가지며, 단기적으로는 자본재 수입과 각종 중간재 수입을 증가시킨다는 점은 광물 수출이 경제성장에 기여할 가능성을 보여준다. 그러나 기계설비자산 등 자본량 축적에 필요한 자본재 수입과의 장기균형관계는 발견되지 않았으며, 단기적 영향도 차량수입 증가에 국한된 것으로 추정되어 광물 수출에 의한 성장효과는 제한적이었을 것으로 평가된다.


English Abstract: This study investigates the relationship between mineral exports to China, North Korea’s most important source of foreign currency acquisition, and its imports of various items from China from the first quarter of 1995 through to the third quarter of 2019. The results from a cointegration analysis suggest that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between mineral exports and imports of food, fuel, and some intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts, and accessories. The results from a vector autoregression using first-differenced variables indicate that the short-run relationship between mineral exports and imports is different between the period before and after the third quarter of 2010. Prior to structural changes, i.e., before the third quarter of 2010, import shocks affected mineral exports. However, after the third quarter of 2010, an increase in mineral exports led to an increase in the import of vehicles, intermediate goods, and luxury goods.

This paper shows both the possibilities and the limits that mineral exports can contribute to North Korea’s economic growth. The results, which show that mineral exports have a long-run relationship with intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts and accessories, imply that mineral exports to China could have a positive effect on the North Korean economy. However, the fact that mineral exports do not have any significant effect on the import of machinery and equipment, which helps the accumulation of capital formation, shows that mineral exports have a limited effect on inducing long-term growth in the North Korean economy.
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(The Effects of North Korea's Mineral Export on Various Imports)
Korean Abstract:该研究利用1995年第一季度至2019年第三季度的北中贸易资料,通过公分、向量自我回归模型和冲击反应函数分析了北韩最重要的外汇来源矿物出口和各品种进口之间的关系。研究结果表明,矿物出口与进口产品中的食品、燃料、资本材料类中间材料有公共关系。另外,向量自我回归分析结果显示,在矿物出口结构发生变化的2010年第三季度前后,在矿物出口和各品种进口的短期关系中发现了相反的结果。据推测,在结构变化之前,进口冲击会对矿物出口产生影响,而结构变化后,矿物出口冲击会增加车辆、纤维类中间材料、其他中间材料、奢侈材料的进口。本研究的推测结果同时显示,2010年以后激增的北韩矿物出口对北韩经济增长做出贡献的可能性和局限性。矿物出口与食品、燃料等必需材料和资本材料类中间材料具有公共关系,短期内增加资本材料进口和各种中间材料进口,这表明矿物出口对经济增长做出贡献的可能性。但是,没有发现与机械设备资产等资本量积累所必需的资本货物进口之间的长期均衡关系,短期影响也被推定局限在车辆进口的增加上,因此矿物出口带来的增长效果被评价为是有限的。english abstract:This study investigates the relationship between mineral exports to China, North Korea ' s most important source of foreign currency acquisition,中国from the first quarter of 1995 through to the third quarter of 2019。The results from a cointegration analysis suggest that there exists a long-run equilibrium relationship between mineral exports and imports of food, fuel, and some intermediate goodssuch as industrial supplies, parts, and accessories。The results from a vector autoregression using first-differenced variables indicate that The short-run relationship between mineral exports and imports is different between The period before and afterthe third quarter of 2010。Prior to structural changes, i.e. before the third quarter of 2010, import shocks affected mineral exports。However, after the third quarter of 2010, an increase in mineral exports led to an increase in the import of vehicles, intermediate goods, and luxury goods。This paper shows both the possibilities and the limits that mineral exports can contribute to North Korea ' s economic growth。The results, which show that mineral exports have a long-run relationship with intermediate goods, such as industrial supplies, parts and accessories,imply that mineral exports to China could have a positive effect on the North Korean economy。However, the fact that mineral exports do not have any significant effect on the import of machinery and equipment which helps the accumulation of capital formation;shows that mineral exports have a limited effect on inducing long-term growth in the North Korean economy。
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