List of figures

Abstract

Figure 1.1 Number of countries where the respective RE support instruments are part of the policy mix (Source: Own representation based on REN21 (2019)) 7 Figure 1.2 Financing of renewable energy by type, 2004–2017 ($ billon), Source: Frankfurt School – UNEP Centre/BNEF (2018) 16 Figure 1.3 EU Action plan and affected parties in the financial market (Source: Author’s presentation based on the European Commission (2018)) 20 Figure 2.1 Average summer temperatures in Switzerland between 1870 and 2018 24 Figure 2.2 Development of the world population (solid line: left axis; points: right axis) 26 Figure 2.3 Life expectancy in selected countries 26 Figure 2.4 Income per person and gross domestic product (GDP; solid line: left axis; dashed line; right axis) 27 Figure 2.5 Energy consumption per capita of different countries above the median income (1970 to 2010) 28 Figure 2.6 Development of the global passenger ton-kilometer performance 29 Figure 2.7 Development of energy use by source in the USA 32 Figure 2.8 Evolution of global electricity generation 33 Figure 2.9 World electricity production form all energy sources in 2017 34 Figure 2.10 Globally installed hydropower capacity 35 Figure 2.11 Worldwide installed photovoltaic capacity 36 Figure 2.12 Worldwide installed wind power capacity 37 Figure 2.13 Worldwide installed geothermal capacity 2017 38 Figure 2.14 Worldwide installed CSP capacity 2017 39 Figure 2.15 Forecast of installed capacity (left) and the generated electricity (right) of renewable energy 41 Figure 2.16 Forecast of global electricity generation (colored: left axis; dotted gray line: right axis) 45 Figure 2.17 Energy system transformation (gray arrows: flow of electricity; brown arrows: flow of fossil fuels), own representation 54 Figure 3.1 The triangle of social acceptance of renewable energy innovation (Wüstenhagen et al. 2007, 2684) 61 Figure 3.2 Dimensions and conditions of sociopolitical, community, and market acceptance (Sovacool & Lakshmi Ratan, 2012, 5271) 61 Figure 3.3 U-shaped temporal development of social acceptance (own representation) 63 Figure 3.4 Framework of “acceptance variables” contributing to community acceptance (Roddis et al. 2018, 355) 64 Figure 3.5 Three tenets of energy justice (own representation) 67 Figure 3.6 Chain of trust (Dwyer & Bidwell 2019, 168) 68 Figure 3.7 Opposition and support as a function of attachment to landscape and landscape fit (own representation) 69 Figure 3.8 Three groups of factors that influence community acceptance (own representation) 75 Figure 4.1 Three levels of Capacity Building activities and related interactions 89