20.5 A dual-symmetrical-output switched-capacitor converter with dynamic power cells and minimized cross regulation for application processors in 28nm CMOS

Junmin Jiang, Yan Lu, W. Ki, U. Seng-Pan, R. Martins
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引用次数: 18

Abstract

Multicore application processors in smartphones/watches use power-saving techniques such as dynamic voltage and frequency scaling (DVFS) to extend battery cycle, and supply cores with different voltages [1]. High-efficiency fully integrated switched-capacitor (SC) power converters with no external components are promising candidates [2]. Typically, SC converters with different specifications are independently designed (Fig. 20.5.1), leading to a large area overhead, as each converter has to handle its peak output power. Recently, multi-output SC converters are reported to tackle this issue. In [3], an on-demand strategy is used to control two outputs, each with a different loading range, and the outputs are not interchangeable. In [4], the two output voltages are fixed with voltage conversion ratios (VCRs) of 2× and 3× only. In [5], the controller is integrated, but the three output voltages are still from three individual SC converters. Without reallocating the capacitors in the power stages, capacitor utilization is low, as margins have to be reserved to cater for each converter's peak output power. This paper presents a fully integrated dual-output SC converter with dynamic power-cell allocation for application processors. The power cells are shared and can be dynamically allocated according to load demands. A dual-path VCO that works independently of power-cell allocation is proposed to realize a fast and stable regulation loop. The converter can deliver a maximum current of 100mA: one output can be adjusted to deliver 100mA, while the other handles a very light load; or both outputs can be adjusted to deliver 50mA each with over 80% efficiency.
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20.5一种用于28nm CMOS应用处理器的具有动态动力电池和最小化交叉调节的双对称输出开关电容变换器
智能手机/手表中的多核应用处理器采用动态电压和频率缩放(DVFS)等节能技术来延长电池周期,并为核心提供不同的电压[1]。无外部元件的高效全集成开关电容器(SC)功率变换器是很有前途的候选者[2]。通常情况下,不同规格的SC变换器是独立设计的(图20.5.1),导致面积开销很大,因为每个变换器都必须处理其峰值输出功率。最近,多输出SC变换器被报道来解决这个问题。在[3]中,采用按需策略控制两个输出,每个输出具有不同的加载范围,并且输出不可互换。在[4]中,两个输出电压固定,电压转换比(vcr)仅为2倍和3倍。在[5]中,控制器是集成的,但三个输出电压仍然来自三个单独的SC变换器。如果在功率级中不重新分配电容器,电容器的利用率就很低,因为必须保留余量以满足每个转换器的峰值输出功率。本文提出了一种完全集成的双输出SC变换器,具有动态功率电池分配功能。动力电池是共享的,可以根据负载需求动态分配。为了实现快速稳定的调节回路,提出了一种独立于功率电池分配的双路压控振荡器。转换器最大输出电流可达100mA:其中一个输出可调至100mA,而另一个输出处理非常轻的负载;或者两个输出都可以调节,每个输出50mA,效率超过80%。
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