Consciousness

L. M. Johnson
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Abstract

Consciousness is notoriously difficult to define. Several things are meant by consciousness: sentience, self-awareness, wakefulness, phenomenal consciousness, and more. There are also several consciousness-related ontological, epistemological, and ethical questions, including questions about what consciousness is, what creatures are conscious, how we can know who is conscious, and, importantly, questions about the ethical significance of consciousness. This chapter provides a sketch of several philosophical and scientific theories of consciousness as an introduction to medical, scientific, and philosophical inquiries into consciousness and unconsciousness.
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意识
众所周知,意识很难定义。意识有几个含义:感知、自我意识、觉醒、现象意识等等。还有一些与意识相关的本体论、认识论和伦理问题,包括意识是什么,什么生物是有意识的,我们如何知道谁是有意识的,以及重要的,关于意识的伦理意义的问题。这一章提供了意识的几个哲学和科学理论的概要,作为对意识和无意识的医学、科学和哲学研究的介绍。
本文章由计算机程序翻译,如有差异,请以英文原文为准。
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