Fast response of actuators with self assembly nanoparticle electrodes and ionic liquids

Sheng Liu, Yang Liu, R. Montazami, V. Jain, J. Heflin, Qiming Zhang
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Abstract

In ionomeric polymers, the accumulation or depletion of excess charges (ions) at the electrodes under an applied voltage will generate strain in these regions. This can be made use of for electromechanical transduction devices such as actuators and sensors[1]. Figure 1 illustrates schematically an ionomeric polymer bending actuator in which the accumulation and depletion of cations at the cathode and anode, respectively, create bending of the ionomeric polymer sheet under an applied voltage. In order to increase the charge density and population at the electrodes so that a large strain and high force output can be realized, various ionomeric polymer/conductive network composites (CNC) electrodes (analogous to the porous electrodes in the supercapacitors) have been developed to form ionomeric polymer/CNC actuators (IPCNC) in the past 15 years[2–3]. A schematic of a typical bending actuator thus developed is shown in Figure 2, which in general has a three layer structure, i.e., two porous electrode layers in the form of the conductive network/ionomer composite separated by a neat ionomer layer. IPCNC actuators are attractive because it can be operated under a few volts. On the other hand, IPCNC actuators suffer a low actuation speed which is often in tens of seconds range, low efficiency (<3 %), and low elastic energy density, all of which should be improved in order to meet the demands of a broad range of polymer electromechanical applications.
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纳米粒子自组装电极和离子液体致动器的快速响应
在离子聚合物中,在外加电压下,电极上多余电荷(离子)的积累或消耗将在这些区域产生应变。这可以用于机电转导装置,如执行器和传感器[1]。图1图解地说明了一个离子聚合物弯曲致动器,其中阴极和阳极阳离子的积累和消耗分别在外加电压下产生离子聚合物片的弯曲。为了增加电极处的电荷密度和电荷数量,从而实现大应变和高力输出,在过去的15年里,人们开发了各种离子聚合物/导电网络复合材料(CNC)电极(类似于超级电容器中的多孔电极)来形成离子聚合物/CNC致动器(IPCNC)[2-3]。所开发的典型弯曲致动器示意图如图2所示,其通常具有三层结构,即导电网络/离聚体复合材料形式的两个多孔电极层被整齐的离聚体层隔开。IPCNC执行器很有吸引力,因为它可以在几伏的电压下操作。另一方面,IPCNC执行器的驱动速度低,通常在几十秒范围内,效率低(< 3%),弹性能量密度低,所有这些都需要改进,以满足广泛的聚合物机电应用的需求。
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