{"title":"북한의 자본스톡 추정 및 시사점 (Estimating Capital Stock in North Korea and Its Implications)","authors":"H. Pyo, Minjung Kim","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3727104","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"<b>Korean Abstract:</b> 본고는 1955~2018년중 북한의 투자시계열을 구축하고 영구재고법으로 자본스톡을 추계한 후 이를 통해 북한의 경제성장 요인을 살펴본 것이다. 자본스톡은 건설자산과 설비자산을 구분하여 추정하였다.<br><br>추정 결과 북한의 자본스톡은 1955년 이후 1989년까지 빠르게 증가하다 1990년대에 크게 감소하였으며 2000년대 이후 다시 회복되었다. 북한의 자본스톡은 2018년 현재 1989년보다 24% 높은 수준이고, GDP의 3.9배로 선진국에서 일반적으로 관측되는 3배 수준보다 많은 것으로 추정되었다. 2018년 현재 전체 자본스톡 가운데 설비자산이 8%에 불과하였는데 이는 남한의 1970~90년 평균 수준인 32%와 대비되는 모습이다. <br><br>성장회계 분석 결과 북한은 경제성장 초기에 외연적 성장을 달성하기도 하였으나 이후 총요소생산성 감소에 주로 기인하여 성장이 정체되거나 부진한 회복세를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 1990년대 경제위기를 겪었으며 2000년 이후에는 투입 증가율이 낮아진 가운데 생산성 부진이 지속되면서 저성장 기조가 유지되었다. 2017년 이후에는 제재 여파로 투입증가율이 더욱 낮아지고 생산성이 크게 감소하여 경제성장률이 급락하였다. 한편 빈곤의 덫과 유휴자본의 특징을 보인 북한의 1990년대 경제위기 이후는 레온티에프 생산함수에 기반한 해로드-도마 성장모형으로 해석해 볼 수 있다. <br><br>북한은 현재 자본재 금수조치로 성장여건이 크게 악화된 상황인 만큼 기업소와 농장의 소유구조 및 운영방식의 혁신을 통해 생산성과 효율성, 창의성을 증진하는 제도개선이 요구되고 있다. 또한 북한이 경제침체로부터 벗어나려면 인적 물적 자본 축적이 필수적인 만큼 선진국의 자본과 기술 도입을 위해 대외관계 개선 및 적극적 개방정책이 시급해 보인다.<br><br>본고의 추정에도 불구하고 개별자산의 역사적 축적과정과의 비교, 디플레이터 산출, 성장 추정에 사용되는 물량자료의 정확성 제고 등을 위한 노력이 계속되어야 한다. 특히 본고의 자본스톡 추정은 북한의 여타 거시통계의 추정 개선 작업과 연계된 만큼 아직 미완성의 잠정치로 이해되어야 한다.<br><br><br><b>English Abstract:</b> This study aims to estimate the capital stock in North Korea from 1955 to 2018, based on the perpetual inventory method, and then to explain its economic growth. The capital stock is estimated by decomposing it into construction assets and equipment assets.<br><br>Estimates show that North Korea's capital stock increased rapidly from 1955 to 1989, then decreased significantly in the 1990s, and recovered since the 2000s. The capital stock estimate as of 2018 stands at 24% higher than that in 1989. The capital stock/GDP ratio as of 2018 is around 3.9 times, which is higher than 3.0, the ratio commonly observed in many advanced economies. The estimated share of equipment capital within total capital is only 8% as of 2018, which compares with the corresponding rate (32%) during the 1970-1990 period in South Korea. <br><br>Growth accounting analysis shows that North Korea achieved a rapid input-led growth in the early stages of economic growth, but has since shown stagnant or sluggish growth, due mainly to a drop in total factor productivity. It suffered from the economic crisis in the 1990s, and after 2000 the low growth pattern was maintained as productivity continued to remain sluggish amid a lower input growth rate. Since 2017, the economic growth rate has plummeted due to a further drop in the input growth rate and a significant drop in productivity in the wake of sanctions. We believe that the negative GDP growth rate during the so-called “Arduous March Period,” and the low growth seen in succeeding periods that has been characterized by idle capacity with a poverty trap, can be explained by a Harrod (1939)-Domar (1946) model based on the Leontief production function as outlined in Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995). <br><br>As North Korea's growth conditions have deteriorated significantly due to the embargo on capital goods, it is required to improve its system that promotes productivity, efficiency and creativity through innovation in the ownership structure and management of farms and enterprises. More favorable foreign relations and an active opening policy are also necessary to attract foreign investment and technology, which is essential for human and physical capital accumulation and the resulting economic growth.<br><br>Despite the estimates of this study, efforts should continue to be made to compare the historical accumulation process of individual assets, to calculate deflators, and to enhance the accuracy of production data used in estimating economic growth. In particular, the capital stock estimates in this paper should be understood as preliminary figures, as it is linked to work to improve the estimation of North Korea's other macro statistics.","PeriodicalId":251645,"journal":{"name":"Bank of Korea Economic Research Institute Research Paper Series","volume":"74 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2020-11-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"1","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"Bank of Korea Economic Research Institute Research Paper Series","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3727104","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 1
Abstract
Korean Abstract: 본고는 1955~2018년중 북한의 투자시계열을 구축하고 영구재고법으로 자본스톡을 추계한 후 이를 통해 북한의 경제성장 요인을 살펴본 것이다. 자본스톡은 건설자산과 설비자산을 구분하여 추정하였다.
추정 결과 북한의 자본스톡은 1955년 이후 1989년까지 빠르게 증가하다 1990년대에 크게 감소하였으며 2000년대 이후 다시 회복되었다. 북한의 자본스톡은 2018년 현재 1989년보다 24% 높은 수준이고, GDP의 3.9배로 선진국에서 일반적으로 관측되는 3배 수준보다 많은 것으로 추정되었다. 2018년 현재 전체 자본스톡 가운데 설비자산이 8%에 불과하였는데 이는 남한의 1970~90년 평균 수준인 32%와 대비되는 모습이다.
성장회계 분석 결과 북한은 경제성장 초기에 외연적 성장을 달성하기도 하였으나 이후 총요소생산성 감소에 주로 기인하여 성장이 정체되거나 부진한 회복세를 보인 것으로 나타났다. 1990년대 경제위기를 겪었으며 2000년 이후에는 투입 증가율이 낮아진 가운데 생산성 부진이 지속되면서 저성장 기조가 유지되었다. 2017년 이후에는 제재 여파로 투입증가율이 더욱 낮아지고 생산성이 크게 감소하여 경제성장률이 급락하였다. 한편 빈곤의 덫과 유휴자본의 특징을 보인 북한의 1990년대 경제위기 이후는 레온티에프 생산함수에 기반한 해로드-도마 성장모형으로 해석해 볼 수 있다.
북한은 현재 자본재 금수조치로 성장여건이 크게 악화된 상황인 만큼 기업소와 농장의 소유구조 및 운영방식의 혁신을 통해 생산성과 효율성, 창의성을 증진하는 제도개선이 요구되고 있다. 또한 북한이 경제침체로부터 벗어나려면 인적 물적 자본 축적이 필수적인 만큼 선진국의 자본과 기술 도입을 위해 대외관계 개선 및 적극적 개방정책이 시급해 보인다.
본고의 추정에도 불구하고 개별자산의 역사적 축적과정과의 비교, 디플레이터 산출, 성장 추정에 사용되는 물량자료의 정확성 제고 등을 위한 노력이 계속되어야 한다. 특히 본고의 자본스톡 추정은 북한의 여타 거시통계의 추정 개선 작업과 연계된 만큼 아직 미완성의 잠정치로 이해되어야 한다.
English Abstract: This study aims to estimate the capital stock in North Korea from 1955 to 2018, based on the perpetual inventory method, and then to explain its economic growth. The capital stock is estimated by decomposing it into construction assets and equipment assets.
Estimates show that North Korea's capital stock increased rapidly from 1955 to 1989, then decreased significantly in the 1990s, and recovered since the 2000s. The capital stock estimate as of 2018 stands at 24% higher than that in 1989. The capital stock/GDP ratio as of 2018 is around 3.9 times, which is higher than 3.0, the ratio commonly observed in many advanced economies. The estimated share of equipment capital within total capital is only 8% as of 2018, which compares with the corresponding rate (32%) during the 1970-1990 period in South Korea.
Growth accounting analysis shows that North Korea achieved a rapid input-led growth in the early stages of economic growth, but has since shown stagnant or sluggish growth, due mainly to a drop in total factor productivity. It suffered from the economic crisis in the 1990s, and after 2000 the low growth pattern was maintained as productivity continued to remain sluggish amid a lower input growth rate. Since 2017, the economic growth rate has plummeted due to a further drop in the input growth rate and a significant drop in productivity in the wake of sanctions. We believe that the negative GDP growth rate during the so-called “Arduous March Period,” and the low growth seen in succeeding periods that has been characterized by idle capacity with a poverty trap, can be explained by a Harrod (1939)-Domar (1946) model based on the Leontief production function as outlined in Barro and Sala-i-Martin (1995).
As North Korea's growth conditions have deteriorated significantly due to the embargo on capital goods, it is required to improve its system that promotes productivity, efficiency and creativity through innovation in the ownership structure and management of farms and enterprises. More favorable foreign relations and an active opening policy are also necessary to attract foreign investment and technology, which is essential for human and physical capital accumulation and the resulting economic growth.
Despite the estimates of this study, efforts should continue to be made to compare the historical accumulation process of individual assets, to calculate deflators, and to enhance the accuracy of production data used in estimating economic growth. In particular, the capital stock estimates in this paper should be understood as preliminary figures, as it is linked to work to improve the estimation of North Korea's other macro statistics.
(Estimating Capital Stock in North Korea and Its Implications)
Korean Abstract:本库在1955年至2018年期间建立北韩投资系列,通过永久库存法推算资本股票后,通过此分析了北韩经济增长的因素。资本股票是将建设资产和设备资产分开推定的。据推测,北韩的资本股票从1955年到1989年迅速增加,90年代大幅减少,2000年以后重新恢复。据推测,截至2018年,北韩的资本股票比1989年高出24%,达GDP的3.9倍,比发达国家普遍观测到的3倍还多。截至2018年,在所有资本股票中,设备资产仅占8%,这与韩国1970年至1990年的平均水平32%形成对比。增长会计分析结果显示,北韩在经济增长初期曾实现过外延增长,但此后因总要素生产性减少,增长停滞或呈现出萧条的恢复趋势。20世纪90年代经历了经济危机,2000年以后投入增加率有所下降,生产效率持续不振,从而维持了低增长基调。2017年以后,受制裁影响,投入增加率进一步下降,生产效率大幅下降,经济增长率暴跌。另外,表现出贫困陷阱和闲置资本特征的北韩90年代经济危机以后,可以解释为以莱昂蒂夫生产函数为基础的哈罗德-马马增长模型。北韩目前因资本货物禁运措施,增长条件大幅恶化,因此需要通过企业和农场的所有结构及运营方式的革新,改善提高生产效率和创意性的制度。另外,北韩要想摆脱经济停滞局面,必须积累人力、物力、资本,因此,为引进发达国家的资本和技术,急需改善对外关系并积极开放政策。虽然本库进行了推测,但应该继续为提高与个别资产的历史积累过程进行比较、计算平减指数、推测增长所使用的物量资料的准确性而努力。特别是,本库的资本股票推测与北韩其他宏观统计的推测改善工作相联系,因此应该理解为尚未完成的暂定政治。英语:This study aims to estimate the capital stock in North Korea from 1955 to 2018, based on the perpetual inventory method, and then to explain its economic growth。The capital stock is estimated by decomposing it into construction assets and equipment assets。Estimates show that North Korea's capital stock increased rapidly from 1955 to 1989, then decreased significantly in the 1990s, and recovered since the 2000s。The capital stock estimate as of 2018 stands at 24% higher than that in 1989。The capital stock/GDP ratio as of 2018 is around 3.9 times, which is higher than 3.0, The ratio commonly observed in many advanced economies。The estimated share of equipment capital within total capital is only 8% as of 2018, which compares with The corresponding rate (32%) during The 1970-1990 period in South Korea。Growth accounting analysis shows that North Korea achieved a rapid input-led Growth in the early stages of economic Growth, but has since shown stagnant or sluggish Growth;due mainly to a drop in total factor productivity。It suffered from the economic crisis in the 1990s, and after 2000 the low growth pattern was maintainued as productivity continued to remain sluggish amid a lower input growth rate。Since 2017, the economic growth rate has plummeted due to a further drop in the input growth rate and a significant drop in productivity in the wake of sanctions。我们believe that the negative GDP growth rate during the so-called " Arduous March Period "and the low growth seen in succeeding periods that has been characterized by idle capacity with a poverty trap;can be explained by a Harrod (1939)-Domar (1946) model based on the Leontief production function as outlined in Barro and Sala-i-Martin(1995)。As North Korea's growth conditions have deteriorated significantly due to the embargo on capital goods, it is required to improve its system that promotes productivity,efficiency and creativity through innovation in the ownership structure and management of farms and enterprises。More favorable foreign relations and an active opening policy are also necessary to attract foreign investment and technology,which is essential for human and physical capital accumulation and the resulting economic growth。Despite the estimates of this study, efforts should continue to be made to compare the historical accumulation process of individual assets, to calculate deflatorsand to enhance the accuracy of production data used in estimating economic growthIn particular, the capital stock estimates In this paper should be understood as preliminary figures, as it is linked to work to improve the estimation of North Korea's other macro statistics。