{"title":"Opportunities with alternative refrigerants","authors":"Y. Hwang, R. Radermacher","doi":"10.1109/ITHERM.2002.1012533","DOIUrl":null,"url":null,"abstract":"Due to environmental concerns, a new generation of refrigerants has been introduced. The new fluids perform well, but because of their remaining global warming potential they are still under scrutiny internationally and may be eliminated in the future. Research is underway to develop so-called 'natural fluids' into the final solution to the quest for the ultimate refrigerant. The primary candidates are carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons such as propane and ammonia. Each fluid comes with its own set of challenges. Carbon dioxide requires a transcritical cycle, which reduces its efficiency but, on the other hand, may provide secondary uses due to its high temperature level waste heat. It is under consideration for automotive and military applications. Carbon dioxide hot water beat pumps have been introduced in the market in Japan. Propane performs very well, but it is flammable and thus considered a safety hazard. Ammonia is widely used in large refrigeration plants, although it is toxic and flammable. Its stinging odor warns of any leaks long before any dangerous concentrations are obtained. This presentation will provide an overview of these existing and emerging refrigerants and the opportunities and challenges they provide.","PeriodicalId":299933,"journal":{"name":"ITherm 2002. Eighth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.02CH37258)","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0000,"publicationDate":"2002-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":"2","resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":null,"PeriodicalName":"ITherm 2002. Eighth Intersociety Conference on Thermal and Thermomechanical Phenomena in Electronic Systems (Cat. No.02CH37258)","FirstCategoryId":"1085","ListUrlMain":"https://doi.org/10.1109/ITHERM.2002.1012533","RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":null,"ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":null,"EPubDate":"","PubModel":"","JCR":"","JCRName":"","Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2

Abstract

Due to environmental concerns, a new generation of refrigerants has been introduced. The new fluids perform well, but because of their remaining global warming potential they are still under scrutiny internationally and may be eliminated in the future. Research is underway to develop so-called 'natural fluids' into the final solution to the quest for the ultimate refrigerant. The primary candidates are carbon dioxide and hydrocarbons such as propane and ammonia. Each fluid comes with its own set of challenges. Carbon dioxide requires a transcritical cycle, which reduces its efficiency but, on the other hand, may provide secondary uses due to its high temperature level waste heat. It is under consideration for automotive and military applications. Carbon dioxide hot water beat pumps have been introduced in the market in Japan. Propane performs very well, but it is flammable and thus considered a safety hazard. Ammonia is widely used in large refrigeration plants, although it is toxic and flammable. Its stinging odor warns of any leaks long before any dangerous concentrations are obtained. This presentation will provide an overview of these existing and emerging refrigerants and the opportunities and challenges they provide.
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使用替代制冷剂的机会
出于对环境的考虑,新一代制冷剂已被引入。这种新型液体性能良好,但由于其潜在的全球变暖潜力,它们仍在国际上受到严格审查,未来可能会被淘汰。研究人员正在将所谓的“天然流体”开发成最终解决方案,以寻求最终制冷剂。主要的候选者是二氧化碳和碳氢化合物,如丙烷和氨。每种液体都有自己的一套挑战。二氧化碳需要一个跨临界循环,这降低了它的效率,但另一方面,由于它的高温废热,可以提供二次利用。它正在考虑用于汽车和军事应用。二氧化碳热水热泵已在日本上市。丙烷的性能很好,但它是易燃的,因此被认为是安全隐患。尽管氨有毒且易燃,但它在大型制冷装置中被广泛使用。在达到危险浓度之前,其刺鼻的气味就会对泄漏发出警告。本报告将概述这些现有的和新兴的制冷剂,以及它们带来的机遇和挑战。
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