The Old World date palm mite Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor 1939) (Acari: Tetranychidae), a major fruit pest: biology, ecology, and management

Abstract

The date dust mite (DDM), Oligonychus afrasiaticus (McGregor 1939) (Acari: Tetranychidae) is an extremely serious fruit pest of date palm, Phoenix dactylifera L. In recent years, the mite caused economic damage and reduction of yield in may date palm-growing countries in North Africa and the Middle East. Damage loss may range between 50% and 70% and in severe infestation; it may reach 100% if not controlled. This mite has a high reproductive capacity and produces a tremendous amount of dense silken webs that reduce the efficiency of predators and hinder penetration of acaricides. Selection pressure due to frequent use of limited active ingredients encouraged the development of resistance among populations of the mite. Predatory mites from the family Phytoseiidae such as Cydnoseius negevi and the coccinellid ladybird beetle Stethorus spp. are associated with O. afrasiaticus in the field and may provide a potential source of biological control. The DDM is not easy to control; however, cultural, biological, and chemical measures are successfully used to limit the extent of damage in date palm plantations. This article summarizes and compiles recent advances pertaining to the mite taxonomy, biology, ecology, phenology and management. Additionally, future research prospects are also discussed.