Optimal Allocation of V2G Stations in a Microgrid Environment: Demand Response

Abstract

Vehicle-to-grid technology is a fascinating research area which has attracted a large chunk of researchers from the electrical field because it improves the reliability of the power grid, reduces operating cost and greenhouse emission, helps to balance the supply and demand by its bidirectional energy transfer capability and further improves the economic viability of the electric vehicles. Electric vehicles provide mobile energy storage facility using vehicle-to-grid concept at different parking stations. In this research an IEEE 33 bus system has been considered which is connected to the main grid and wind turbines have been used as distributed energy resources with electric vehicles as storage devices to reduce the intermittency of wind power generation. Optimal locations for wind and electric vehicle integration have been obtained by using minimum voltage and maximum power loss concept, then the optimal power at the different optimal locations is found out using the particle swarm optimization technique which improves the voltage profile and reduces the power loss of the system under consideration. The discharging and the charging patterns of the electric vehicles is also decided by the same depending upon the availability of the wind power.