Local map versus histogram shifting for prediction error expansion reversible watermarking

Abstract

This paper continues our research on high capacity prediction error expansion reversible watermarking. Three prediction error expansion (PEE) schemes are considered, namely histogram shifting (HS), location map (LM) and block map (BM) schemes. Their performances for embedding capacities greater than 1 bit per pixel are analyzed. For embedding capacity less than 1 bit per pixel, it is known that the PEE-HS schemes outperform the PEE-LM and PEE-BM schemes. The paper shows that as the capacity increases, the location map schemes and notably the block map schemes outperform the histogram shifting ones. Experimental results are provided.