Kings of Chaldea and Sons of Nobodies: Assyrian Engagement with Chaldea and the Emergence of Chaldean Power in Babylonia

J. Nielsen
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Abstract

From the ninth century until the last quarter of the seventh century BCE, the Assyrian Empire first extended its power over Babylonia and then engaged in a prolonged effort to retain control. The patchwork nature of Babylonian society—divided as it was between the traditional urban centers, territories controlled by five distinct Chaldean tribes, and regions inhabited by Aramaean tribes—presented opportunities and challenges for Assyria as it sought to assert its dominance. Assyrian interactions with the Chaldean tribes of Babylonia redefined the Chaldeans’ place within power relationships in southern Mesopotamia. Starting in 878, Assyria first perceived Chaldean territory as distinct from what they defined as Karduniaš, the land ruled by the king of Babylon. Shalmaneser III exploited and accentuated this division by recognizing the Chaldean leaders as kings and accepting their tribute even as he concluded a treaty with the Babylonian king, Marduk-zakir-shumi I. By decentralizing power in Babylonia, Assyria was able to assert indirect control over Babylonia. However, periods of Assyrian weakness created opportunities for several Chaldeans—drawing upon the economic and military power they could muster—to claim the title of king of Babylon with all the accompanying ideological power. These new developments prompted Assyria under the Sargonids to create counter-narratives that questioned the legitimacy of Chaldeans as kings of Babylon by presenting them as strange and inimical to the Assyrian order even as Assyrian interactions with the Chaldeans improved Assyrian familiarity with them. 
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迦勒底的国王和无名之子:亚述与迦勒底的交战和迦勒底权力在巴比伦的出现
从公元前9世纪到公元前7世纪的最后25年,亚述帝国首先将其权力扩展到巴比伦,然后进行了长期的努力来保持对巴比伦的控制。巴比伦社会错综复杂的本质——划分为传统的城市中心,五个不同的迦勒底部落控制的领土,以及阿拉姆部落居住的地区——为亚述寻求维护其统治地位提供了机遇和挑战。亚述人与巴比伦迦勒底人部落的互动重新定义了迦勒底人在美索不达米亚南部权力关系中的地位。从878年开始,亚述第一次将迦勒底的领土与他们所定义的巴比伦王统治的土地karduniasi区分开来。撒缦以色三世利用并强化了这种分裂,他承认迦勒底领导人为国王,并接受他们的贡品,甚至在他与巴比伦国王马尔杜克-扎基尔-舒米一世签订条约的时候,亚述也能通过分散巴比伦的权力,间接控制巴比伦。然而,亚述软弱的时期为一些迦勒底人创造了机会——利用他们所能聚集的经济和军事力量——以所有伴随的意识形态力量来宣称巴比伦之王的头衔。这些新的发展促使撒贡人统治下的亚述创造了反叙事,质疑迦勒底人作为巴比伦国王的合法性,将他们描述为对亚述秩序的陌生和敌意,即使亚述与迦勒底人的互动提高了亚述人对他们的熟悉程度。
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