Hypoconulid loss in cercopithecins: Functional and developmental considerations

Abstract

Cercopithecins differ from papionins in lacking a M₃ hypoconulid. Although this loss may be related to dietary differences, the functional and developmental ramifications of hypoconulid loss are currently unclear. The following makes use of dental topographic analysis to quantify shape variation in a sample of cercopithecin M₃s, as well as in a sample of Macaca, which has a hypoconulid. To help understand the consequences of hypoconulid loss, Macaca M₃s were virtually cropped to remove the hypoconulid and were also subjected to dental topographic analysis. The patterning cascade model and the inhibitory cascade model attempt to explain variation in cusp pattern and molar proportions, respectively. These models have both previously been used to explain patterns of variation in cercopithecines, but have not been examined in the context of hypoconulid loss. For example, previous work suggests that earlier developing cusps impact the development of later developing cusps (i.e., the hypoconulid) and that cercopithecines do not conform to the predictions of the inhibitory cascade model in that the size of the molars is not linear moving distally. Results of the current study suggest that the loss of the hypoconulid is associated with a reduction in dental topography among cercopithecins, which is potentially related to diet, although the connection to diet is not necessarily clear. Results also suggest that the loss of the hypoconulid can be explained by the patterning cascade model, and that hypoconulid loss explains the apparent lack of support for the inhibitory cascade model among cercopithecines. These findings highlight the importance of a holistic approach to studying variation in molar proportions and developmental models.