Yield and cost–benefit analyses for apple scab sanitation practices in integrated and organic apple management systems

Gabriella Antal, Szilárd Szabó, Péter Szarvas, Imre J. Holb
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Abstract

Reduced fungicide use lowers environmental pollution and enables safer food production. The usage of fungicides in apple orchards can be reduced through the application of sanitation practices which decrease the inoculum sources of apple scab disease on fallen leaves. This study found two non‐chemical sanitation practices, namely the collection of fallen leaves (CFL) and CFL combined with straw mulch in tree rows, were beneficial. These two practices are not only biologically and environmentally valuable, as they reduce disease levels and can replace chemical fungicides, but they are also economically efficient options for integrated and organic orchards compared to non‐sanitized ones. Severe fungicide use can be reduced by applications of sanitation practices in order to reduce scab incidence, yield and fruit quality losses in apple orchards. In a 5‐year study, we aimed to investigate the effect of sanitation practices on biological and cost–benefit parameters in two sustainable apple management systems, and to find significant correlations among the parameters. We investigated the effect of five sanitation treatments (lime sulphur, leaf collection, mulching, lime sulphur + leaf collection, leaf collection + mulching) on four biological (scab incidence, fruit parameters: total yield, yield class I and II) and seven cost–benefit (three cost types, three annual revenue types, income surplus/deficit) parameters in integrated and organic apple orchards. Correlation, linear regression and principal component analyses (PCA) were performed to find correlations among biological and cost–benefit parameters. Results showed that fruit scab incidence was 3.4–8.1 times higher, while total yield was 1.4–1.8 times lower in the organic management system than in the integrated one. The treatment of leaf collection and/or leaf collection + mulching showed higher total cost (180.3 and 675.2 EUR ha−1) but lower scab incidence (5.3 and 27.3%; 4.8 and 26.7%, integrated and organic, respectively) and higher yield with greater total revenues (10,235 and 10,329 EUR ha−1; 8,136 and 8,230 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) and income surpluses (851 and 451 EUR ha−1; 897 and 496 EUR ha−1, integrated and organic, respectively) compared to non‐sanitized control treatments in most cases. Other sanitation treatments provided fewer biological and/or no financial benefits. Results from correlation and linear regression analyses indicated strong relationships among the factors of total yield vs surplus, class I vs surplus, and fruit scab vs class II) in both management systems. Further relationships were detected among almost all parameters in the PCA. Overall, our study demonstrated that two non‐chemical sanitation treatments could not only reduce scab incidence and increase fruit yield, but could show positive cost–benefit outcomes in both management systems.
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综合和有机苹果管理系统中苹果疮痂病卫生措施的产量和成本效益分析
减少杀菌剂的使用可降低环境污染,实现更安全的食品生产。在苹果园中使用杀菌剂可以减少落叶上苹果疮痂病接种体的来源,从而减少杀菌剂的使用。这项研究发现了两种非化学的卫生措施,即收集落叶(CFL)和落叶与树行中的稻草覆盖物相结合。这两种做法不仅具有生物和环境价值,因为它们能降低病害水平并能替代化学杀菌剂,而且与非消毒果园相比,它们也是综合果园和有机果园的经济高效选择。采用卫生措施可以减少杀菌剂的使用,从而降低苹果园的疮痂病发病率、产量和果实质量损失。在一项为期 5 年的研究中,我们旨在调查两种可持续苹果管理系统中卫生措施对生物参数和成本效益参数的影响,并找出这些参数之间的显著相关性。我们调查了五种卫生处理方法(石灰硫磺、叶片收集、覆盖、石灰硫磺+叶片收集、叶片收集+覆盖)对综合苹果园和有机苹果园的四个生物参数(疮痂病发病率、果实参数:总产量、产量等级 I 和 II)和七个成本效益参数(三种成本类型、三种年收入类型、收入盈余/赤字)的影响。通过相关性分析、线性回归分析和主成分分析(PCA),找到了生物参数和成本效益参数之间的相关性。结果表明,有机管理系统的果实疮痂病发病率是综合管理系统的 3.4-8.1 倍,而总产量则是综合管理系统的 1.4-1.8 倍。叶片收集和/或叶片收集+覆盖处理的总成本较高(180.3 欧元和 675.2 欧元公顷-1),但疮痂病发生率较低(综合处理和有机处理分别为 5.3%和 27.3%;4.8%和 26.7%)。在大多数情况下,与非消毒对照处理相比,综合处理和有机处理的疮痂病发生率较低(分别为 5.3% 和 27.3%;综合处理和有机处理分别为 4.8% 和 26%),产量较高,总收入(分别为 10,235 和 10,329 欧元/公顷;综合处理和有机处理分别为 8,136 和 8,230 欧元/公顷)和收入盈余(分别为 851 和 451 欧元/公顷;综合处理和有机处理分别为 897 和 496 欧元/公顷)也较高。其他卫生处理方法的生物效益较低,且/或没有经济效益。相关分析和线性回归分析的结果表明,在两种管理系统中,总产量与剩余量、I 级与剩余量、果实疮痂病与 II 级等因素之间的关系密切。在 PCA 中,几乎所有参数之间都有进一步的关系。总之,我们的研究表明,两种非化学消毒处理不仅能降低疮痂病发病率,提高果实产量,还能在两种管理系统中显示出积极的成本效益。
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