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Cell wall polysaccharides determine cooking quality in cassava roots 细胞壁多糖决定木薯根的烹饪质量
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10558
Sukhita Sathitnaitham, Hernan Ceballos, P. Wonnapinij, Ekaphan Kraichak, Supanut Utthiya, Anongpat Suttangkakul, Leonardo D. Gomez, P. Kittipadakul, Nongnuch Siriwong, P. Kongsil, S. Vuttipongchaikij
Cassava is a vital food source for millions worldwide, crucial for food security and economic stability. This study analyzed cell wall polysaccharides in cassava roots to understand their impact on cooking properties. We found these polysaccharides influence the textural attributes of cassava roots, essential for both cooking and consumption. The research highlights the need to further identify and analyze cassava cell wall components. By improving our understanding of these components, we can improve food security, affordability, and resilience in diverse regions, ultimately contributing to global food security and better aligning with consumer preferences.The textural attributes of cassava roots significantly influence preferences in cooking and consumption as a food source, yet the specific components dictating these properties remain unclear. We aimed to identify the factors shaping the cooking properties of cassava roots.We conducted a compositional analysis of 22 traits in a diverse F1 biparental population derived from soft‐ and hard‐boiling progenitors. The traits encompassed cooking qualities, starch properties, and cell wall composition.Specific cell wall components including cellulose, xylan, un‐esterified, and methyl‐esterified homogalacturonan (HG) demonstrated a correlation with cooking quality attributes: sensory assessments related to texture (SAT) and water absorption during boiling (WAB). Correlation and regression analyses revealed that these wall components collectively contribute to 20% of SAT variability and 14% of WAB variability. SAT appeared to be influenced by methyl‐esterified and un‐esterified HGs, xylan, and cellulose, impacting the tensile strength of the cell wall. Conversely, WAB appeared to be associated with methyl‐esterified HG, potentially altering water absorption properties. Although genome‐wide association studies (GWAS) were unable to identify significant SNPs for SAT and WAB, notable associations emerged for cellulose, xylan, and un‐esterified‐ and methyl‐esterified HG. Candidate genes associated with these SNPs point towards diverse cell wall‐related proteins, transcription factors, sugar metabolism‐related genes, and glycosyl hydrolases.This study provides insights into the relationship between cassava root compositions and cooking characteristics and the role of wall components in determining the cooking quality of edible cassava. This information represents a substantial contribution towards the development of protocols for selecting varieties with texture preferences.
木薯是全球数百万人的重要食物来源,对粮食安全和经济稳定至关重要。本研究分析了木薯根中的细胞壁多糖,以了解它们对烹饪特性的影响。我们发现,这些多糖会影响木薯根的质地属性,这对烹饪和食用都至关重要。这项研究强调了进一步识别和分析木薯细胞壁成分的必要性。木薯根的质地属性对烹饪和作为食物来源的消费有很大影响,但决定这些属性的具体成分仍不清楚。我们的目标是确定影响木薯根烹饪特性的因素。我们对从软煮和硬煮原种中衍生的不同 F1 双亲群体的 22 个性状进行了成分分析。特定的细胞壁成分包括纤维素、木聚糖、未酯化和甲基酯化的同聚半乳糖醛酸(HG),这些成分与烹饪质量属性相关:与质地(SAT)和煮沸过程中的吸水性(WAB)相关的感官评估。相关性和回归分析表明,这些壁成分共同导致了 20% 的 SAT 变异和 14% 的 WAB 变异。SAT 似乎受到甲基酯化和非酯化 HGs、木聚糖和纤维素的影响,从而影响细胞壁的抗张强度。相反,WAB 似乎与甲基酯化 HG 有关,可能会改变吸水性能。虽然全基因组关联研究(GWAS)无法确定 SAT 和 WAB 的重要 SNPs,但纤维素、木聚糖、未酯化和甲基酯化 HG 出现了明显的关联。与这些 SNP 相关的候选基因指向多种细胞壁相关蛋白、转录因子、糖代谢相关基因和糖基水解酶。这项研究深入揭示了木薯根成分与烹饪特性之间的关系,以及木薯壁成分在决定食用木薯烹饪质量中的作用。这些信息对制定具有口感偏好的品种选择方案做出了重大贡献。
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引用次数: 0
Towards resource‐efficient forests: Mixing species changes crown biomass allocation and improves growth efficiency 实现资源节约型森林:混种改变树冠生物量分配,提高生长效率
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10562
T. Hilmers, L. Mehtätalo, K. Bielak, G. Brazaitis, Miren del Río, R. Ruiz‐Peinado, G. Schmied, E. Uhl, H. Pretzsch
Forests worldwide face significant challenges due to climate change, impacting their health and productivity. In this study, we examined how European beech and Scots pine influence each other's phenology and growth in mixed forests. Our findings indicate that mixing these complementary tree species can increase resource efficiency within forest ecosystems. By leveraging informed species selection, this research highlights the potential for developing knowledge‐based, resource‐efficient forests. These insights are invaluable for policymakers and forest managers in designing forests that are not only productive but also sustainable and adaptable to evolving environmental conditions.We investigated the effects of interspecific neighbors on crown morphology and growth efficiency in European temperate forests, specifically focusing on European beech (Fagus sylvatica L.) and Scots pine (Pinus sylvestris L.). Our goal was to determine whether the previously reported overyielding in this mixture is primarily due to improved space‐use efficiency and packing density or enhanced resource‐use efficiency.Our methodology involved a detailed analysis of 128 individual felled trees. We assessed the effect of intraspecific and interspecific neighbors on stem volume growth, the allometric relationships of tree crowns and their components, and the allocation of branch and leaf biomass along the trees' vertical structure.Our findings demonstrate that interspecific neighbors significantly influence the allometric relationships of tree crowns, especially altering the vertical biomass distribution in European beech. Additionally, we found that interspecific neighbors can significantly enhance the growth efficiency of European beech but not for Scots pine.This research provides valuable insights for enhancing forest growth models and guiding forest management practices. By understanding the critical role of crown biomass allocation and growth efficiency in mixed‐species stands, policymakers and forest managers can design forests that are both productive and adaptable to changing environmental conditions. This study emphasizes the importance of species interactions in forest dynamics and bridges theoretical concepts with practical applications.
世界各地的森林都面临着气候变化带来的巨大挑战,影响着它们的健康和生产力。在这项研究中,我们考察了欧洲山毛榉和苏格兰松在混交林中如何影响彼此的物候和生长。我们的研究结果表明,将这些互补树种混合在一起可以提高森林生态系统的资源效率。通过利用明智的树种选择,这项研究凸显了开发以知识为基础的资源节约型森林的潜力。我们研究了欧洲温带森林中种间相邻树种对树冠形态和生长效率的影响,特别是欧洲山毛榉(Fagus sylvatica L.)和苏格兰松树(Pinus sylvestris L.)。我们的目标是确定之前报道的这种混合物的高产主要是由于提高了空间利用效率和包装密度,还是由于提高了资源利用效率。我们的研究结果表明,种内和种间邻树对树干体积增长、树冠及其组成部分的异速关系以及枝叶生物量沿树木垂直结构的分配都有显著影响,尤其是改变了欧洲山毛榉的垂直生物量分布。此外,我们还发现,种间邻树能显著提高欧洲山毛榉的生长效率,但苏格兰松树却不能。这项研究为改进森林生长模型和指导森林管理实践提供了宝贵的见解。通过了解树冠生物量分配和生长效率在混交林中的关键作用,决策者和森林管理者可以设计出既高产又能适应不断变化的环境条件的森林。这项研究强调了物种相互作用在森林动态中的重要性,并将理论概念与实际应用联系起来。
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引用次数: 0
Whole genome resequencing reveals the evolutionary history and geographic isolation of the eastern Asian Hickory (Carya) 全基因组重测序揭示了东亚山核桃(Carya)的进化史和地理隔离情况
Pub Date : 2024-08-09 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10564
Da Zhang, Rui‐Feng Yang, Jia‐Hui Chen, Lang‐Bo Pan, Wei Duan, Guo‐Hua Xia, Qi‐Xiang Zhang, You‐Jun Huang
Unraveling the genetic intricacies and evolutionary history of Asian Hickories through advanced genome sequencing gives valuable insights into their ecological adaptations. Understanding the impact of historical dynamics, climate fluctuations, and geographical barriers on Asian hickories not only contributes to scientific knowledge but also empowers policymakers with evidence‐based decisions and guides conservationists in their efforts to protect vulnerable species. The identification of potential habitats, especially for the endangered Carya kweichowensis, offers a promising avenue for targeted conservation efforts, aligning with global initiatives to preserve Earth's precious biodiversity, but also ensures the conservation of a vital genetic reservoir for nut‐bearing economic tree species.Biogeographic characteristics of disjunct distribution play a vital role in plant geography and the endangered mechanism. The whole genome resequencing provides an opportunity to study the genetic relationship, population diffusion, and floristic evolution of disjunctive‐distribution flora. Based on the SNPs (single nucleotide polymorphisms) data generated by the whole genome deep resequencing of five EA (Eastern Asian) Carya species, we constructed the phylogenetic tree, genetic structure, and species distribution modeling to clarify the phylogenetic relationships and to predict the potential distribution area of EA Carya. Phylogenetic analysis of Carya revealed two distinct clades, separating EA Carya from NA (North America) Carya. C. kweichowensis, an endangered species, showed the lowest nucleotide diversity and the earliest divergence among studied EA Carya species. Species distribution modeling predicted suitable habitats for five EA Carya species, revealing the potential distribution of endangered C. kweichowensis. Importantly, minimal spatial overlap was observed among distribution regions of EA Carya species during different time periods. The uneven regional distribution of EA Carya is believed to be a consequence of Quaternary climate fluctuations, mountain barriers hindering species dispersal, and the limited cold tolerance of these trees. EA Carya highlights the significant role of climate and geological changes in their regional distribution and migration routes in Asia. Furthermore, the discovery of potential habitats offers a promising avenue for the conservation of C. kweichowensis.
通过先进的基因组测序技术揭开亚洲山核桃树错综复杂的遗传和进化历史,为了解其生态适应性提供了宝贵的信息。了解历史动态、气候波动和地理障碍对亚洲山核桃的影响不仅有助于科学知识的发展,还能为政策制定者提供有据可依的决策依据,并为保护工作者保护脆弱物种的工作提供指导。潜在栖息地的确定,尤其是对濒危物种亚洲山核桃(Carya kweichowensis)的确定,为有针对性的保护工作提供了一个前景广阔的途径,不仅与保护地球珍贵生物多样性的全球倡议保持了一致,还确保了对坚果经济树种重要基因库的保护。全基因组测序为研究植物区系的遗传关系、种群扩散和植物进化提供了机会。基于对5种EA(东亚)莸的全基因组深度重测序所产生的SNPs(单核苷酸多态性)数据,我们构建了系统发生树、遗传结构和物种分布模型,以阐明EA莸的系统发生关系并预测其潜在的分布区域。arya的系统发育分析表明,EA Carya与NA(北美)Carya之间存在两个不同的支系。濒危物种 C. kweichowensis 的核苷酸多样性最低,在所研究的 EA Carya 物种中分化最早。物种分布模型预测了五个 EA Carya 物种的适宜栖息地,揭示了濒危 C. kweichowensis 的潜在分布。重要的是,不同时期 EA Carya 树种分布区之间的空间重叠极少。EA Carya的地区分布不均被认为是第四纪气候波动、阻碍物种扩散的山脉障碍以及这些树木有限的耐寒性造成的。EA Carya突出表明了气候和地质变化在其亚洲区域分布和迁徙路线中的重要作用。此外,潜在栖息地的发现为保护 C. kweichowensis 提供了一条前景广阔的途径。
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引用次数: 0
Plant memories: Art co‐created with the public as a tool for investigating how people build lasting connections with plants 植物记忆:与公众共同创作的艺术,作为研究人们如何与植物建立持久联系的工具
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10555
Aideen McGinn, Lorna Donlon, J. Kacprzyk
People often undervalue plants, hindering botanical education and conservation efforts. This study demonstrates how art‐based approaches including audience co‐creation elements can yield new insights into human‐plant interactions. Analyzing plant‐related memories showed that reflecting on personal experiences with plants evokes emotions and can reconnect individuals to specific people and places. The role of multisensory experiences of plants was also highlighted. This knowledge can inform botanical education practices and improve the design of effective outreach programs, fostering greater societal plant awareness and appreciation.The lack of plant appreciation, a manifestation of plant awareness disparity, is concerning in the context of plant conservation and preservation of botanical knowledge and skills. Developing effective strategies to foster plant awareness requires a better understanding of the nature of human interactions with plants. Art‐based approaches offer a new lens for attracting diverse audiences and can generate unique data through promoting self‐reflection and evoking emotional responses. Herein, we used the case study of visual exhibition “In Memory of Plants” to investigate how arts can be used to explore lasting connections to plants.The exhibition, presented at the Alternative Kilkenny Arts Festival 2022, was designed to inspire reflection on plants as elements of personal experiences and introduce the concept of plant awareness disparity. It also included a co‐creation component where visitors were invited to add their own plant‐related memories to a display board. These audience contributions were subjected to qualitative and quantitative analyses.The results underscored the ability of plants to act as memory anchors, providing lasting connections to places and people from the past. Additionally, the study yielded insights into the identity of “plant mentors” and highlighted the role of multisensory perception in human‐plant interactions.Presented observations can inform future projects focused on plant awareness and may encourage new collaborations between artists, botanists, and science communicators. Collectively, this study supports the use of arts‐based methods to both enhance and investigate plant awareness.
人们往往低估了植物的价值,从而阻碍了植物教育和保护工作。这项研究展示了包括受众共同创造元素在内的艺术方法如何为人类与植物的互动提供新的见解。对植物相关记忆的分析表明,反思个人与植物的经历会唤起情感,并能将个人与特定的人和地方重新联系起来。对植物的多感官体验的作用也得到了强调。在植物保护和植物学知识与技能保护的背景下,植物鉴赏力的缺乏(植物认知差异的一种表现形式)令人担忧。要制定有效的战略来提高人们对植物的认识,就必须更好地了解人类与植物互动的本质。以艺术为基础的方法为吸引不同受众提供了新的视角,并能通过促进自我反思和唤起情感反应产生独特的数据。该展览在 2022 年基尔肯尼另类艺术节(Alternative Kilkenny Arts Festival)上展出,旨在激发人们对植物作为个人经历元素的反思,并介绍植物认知差异的概念。展览还包括共同创作环节,邀请参观者在展板上添加自己与植物有关的回忆。研究结果强调了植物作为记忆锚的能力,为人们提供了与过去的地方和人物的持久联系。此外,这项研究还揭示了 "植物导师 "的身份,并强调了多感官感知在人类与植物互动中的作用。这些观察结果可以为未来关注植物认知的项目提供参考,并可能鼓励艺术家、植物学家和科学传播者之间开展新的合作。总之,这项研究支持使用基于艺术的方法来提高和研究植物认知。
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引用次数: 0
Solar arrays create novel environments that uniquely alter plant responses 太阳能电池阵创造了独特改变植物反应的新环境
Pub Date : 2024-07-23 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10554
Matt Sturchio, S. Kannenberg, Tillie A. Pinkowitz, Alan K. Knapp
Globally, the combustion of fossil fuels represents the vast majority of greenhouse gas emissions, and as such, a transition to renewable forms of energy provides the greatest potential for mitigating climate warming. Although solar photovoltaic energy generation is a leading climate solution, these energy facilities have a significant spatial footprint. Naturally, concerns regarding the coexistence of solar development in agriculturally productive and pristine native ecosystems remain. This study offers insight for how plants respond to novel environmental conditions within a solar array and contextualizes results to inform future array siting, design, and management to realize a sustainable solar energy future.Photovoltaic (PV) solar arrays impose dynamic shading regimes and redistribute precipitation to the ecosystems beneath, leading to spatial and temporal heterogeneity in plant growth environments. Although PV are known to alter ecosystem‐level processes in managed and native landscapes, the control of PV‐induced microenvironments on plant ecophysiological responses are largely unexplored. A more robust and mechanistic understanding of how PV microenvironments control plant response will inform management of existing solar arrays and provide insight for future arrays designed to enhance ecosystem services.Here, we evaluated carbon (photosynthetic parameters) and water relations (daily patterns of leaf water potential (ψL) and stomatal conductance (gsw)) in a C3 perennial grass (Bromus inermis) across PV microsites within a 1.6 ha (1.2 MW) array in semiarid Colorado, USA.Light‐saturated photosynthetic rate was surprisingly consistent spatially, not differing between plants growing in near full sun (between PV rows) versus those growing in shadier microsites beneath panels (~28% of full sunlight). Additionally, plants located in microsites receiving only direct sunlight in the morning, when air temperature and vapor pressure deficits (VPD) were low, had greater ψL and gsw than plants receiving direct sunlight primarily in the hotter drier afternoon.Thus, while soil moisture is a primary control of plant productivity in most water‐limited grasslands, we found that VPD was a better predictor of daily patterns of leaf‐level photosynthetic and water relations responses that control aboveground biomass production in a PV array. These findings provide new mechanistic insight for evaluating vegetation management strategies in semiarid PV arrays.
在全球范围内,化石燃料的燃烧占温室气体排放的绝大部分,因此,向可再生能源过渡为减缓气候变暖提供了最大的潜力。虽然太阳能光伏发电是一种主要的气候解决方案,但这些能源设施的空间足迹很大。自然而然,人们对太阳能开发与农业生产和原始自然生态系统共存的问题依然存在担忧。这项研究深入探讨了植物如何应对太阳能电池阵中的新环境条件,并将研究结果与未来的电池阵选址、设计和管理相结合,以实现可持续的太阳能未来。光伏(PV)太阳能电池阵会产生动态的遮阳系统,并将降水重新分配到下面的生态系统,从而导致植物生长环境的时空异质性。众所周知,光伏会改变受管理景观和原生景观的生态系统水平过程,但光伏诱导的微环境对植物生态生理反应的控制在很大程度上尚未得到探索。对光伏微环境如何控制植物反应的更深入、更机制化的理解将为现有太阳能电池阵列的管理提供信息,并为未来旨在增强生态系统服务的电池阵列提供洞察力。在此,我们评估了在一个 1.6 公顷(1.2 兆瓦)的光伏微地中,C3 多年生禾本科植物(Bromus inermis)的碳(光合作用参数)和水分关系(叶片水势(ψL)和气孔导度(gsw)的每日模式)。在美国科罗拉多州半干旱地区的一个 1.6 公顷(1.2 兆瓦)的光伏阵列中,C3 多年生草本植物(Bromus inermis)的光饱和光合速率在空间上惊人地一致,生长在接近全日照(光伏行之间)的植物与生长在电池板下方较阴暗微观空间(约 28% 的全日照)的植物之间没有差异。因此,虽然土壤水分是大多数水分受限草地植物生产力的主要控制因素,但我们发现 VPD 更能预测光伏阵列中控制地上生物量生产的叶片级光合作用和水分关系反应的日常模式。这些发现为评估半干旱光伏阵列中的植被管理策略提供了新的机理见解。
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引用次数: 0
Chía and its wild relatives: A superfood Salvia (Lamiaceae) Chía 及其野生近缘植物:超级食品丹参(唇形科)
Pub Date : 2024-07-22 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10543
S. Lara-Cabrera, Y. Ramírez-Amezcua, Nadia Castro Cárdenas, Amanda E. Fisher, José Luis Fernández Alonso
Alternative crops are a promising approach to address the global food shortage that is exacerbated by climate change and wealth disparities. Some of these alternative crops are traditional food plants that have been widely traded for centuries, whereas others have only recently become more popular. Chía is a traditional native “superfood” that is the fruit of three distinct mint species. Chía (Salvia hispanica) is commercially cultivated and shares nutritional properties with California thistle sage (Salvia carduacea) and desert chía (Salvia columbariae). These wild relatives of S. hispanica are adapted to arid conditions and have potentially valuable genetic variation for the development of chía agricultural varieties. The development of nutritious, drought‐tolerant crops such as chía will increase the resilience of people to the impact of climate upheaval.In the Spanish language, the word chía refers to the nutlet fruits of several Salvia species native to Mesoamerica. The process of domestication of S. hispanica altered several traits, including the absence of shattering fruits, which makes harvest easier and mechanizable. S. hispanica is commercially cultivated in Mexico, South America, Australia, and less so in Europe and Africa. Other edible chía species are not commercially cultivated, including S. carduacea, and S. columbariae. These Californian chías are traditionally harvested by hand since the fruiting calices shatter and release the nutlets. Here we compare these three edible chía species, review their uses by native peoples, describe their morphology, summarize their natural distributions and cultivation, and provide an identification key. Native peoples in North America have traditionally used chías for food, medicine, and oil. S. hispanica naturally occurs throughout areas of Mexico that receive summer monsoonal rains. As such, it is a summer annual with an erect habit and cauline, simple leaves. In contrast, the Californian chía species are distributed through areas of the Mojave and Sonoran deserts that receive winter rains. They are winter annuals and their rosettes of lobed, pubescent leaves are typical adaptations to arid conditions. Nutlets in these chía species are similar when dry, but cultivated S. hispanica nutlets produce extensive mucilage when wetted, while the other chía produce mucilage to a lesser extent. As consumer interest grows in superfoods like chía, crop breeders may use wild chía to breed varieties appropriate for areas affected by drought or in desert agroecological systems.
替代作物是解决因气候变化和贫富差距而加剧的全球粮食短缺问题的一种可行方法。其中一些替代作物是传统的食用植物,几个世纪以来一直被广泛买卖,而另一些则是最近才开始流行起来的。Chía 是一种传统的本地 "超级食品",是三种不同薄荷品种的果实。西班牙鼠尾草(Salvia hispanica)经过商业化种植,与加州蓟鼠尾草(Salvia carduacea)和沙漠鼠尾草(Salvia columbariae)具有相同的营养特性。西班牙鼠尾草的这些野生近缘植物适应干旱条件,具有潜在的遗传变异价值,可用于开发chía农业品种。在西班牙语中,"chía "指的是原产于中美洲的几种莎草的小坚果。在驯化过程中,S. hispanica 改变了一些特性,包括果实不会破碎,这使得收获变得更加容易,并且可以机械化。S. hispanica 在墨西哥、南美洲和澳大利亚有商业种植,在欧洲和非洲种植较少。其他可食用的奇异果品种没有商业化种植,包括 S. carduacea 和 S. columbariae。加利福尼亚的这些chía传统上都是人工采摘,因为果实的花萼会破碎并释放出小坚果。在这里,我们将比较这三种可食用的chía,回顾原住民对它们的使用,描述它们的形态,总结它们的自然分布和栽培情况,并提供一个识别钥匙。北美洲原住民历来用chía来食用、入药和榨油。S. hispanica 自然生长在墨西哥夏季季风降雨的整个地区。因此,它是一种夏季一年生植物,具有直立习性和茎生单叶。与此相反,加利福尼亚chía 树种分布在莫哈韦沙漠和索诺拉沙漠冬季多雨的地区。它们是冬季一年生植物,其莲座状的浅裂短柔毛叶片是对干旱环境的典型适应。这些 chía 种类的小坚果在干燥时相似,但栽培的 S. hispanica 小坚果在潮湿时会产生大量粘液,而其他 chía 产生粘液的程度较低。随着消费者对 "chía "等超级食品的兴趣与日俱增,作物育种者可能会利用野生 "chía "培育出适合干旱地区或沙漠农业生态体系的品种。
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引用次数: 0
Shifts in plant functional trait dynamics in relation to soil microbiome in modern and wild barley 现代大麦和野生大麦的植物功能性状动态变化与土壤微生物群的关系
Pub Date : 2024-07-19 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10534
Amit Kumar, Olga Kuznetsova, S. Gschwendtner, Hao Chen, Inés M. Alonso-Crespo, Mohammad Yusuf, S. Schulz, M. Bonkowski, Michael Schloter, Vicky M. Temperton
Understanding domestication's impact on crop root traits and interactions with soil microbiomes is vital for improving crop resilience and agricultural sustainability. Using this knowledge to enhance root systems, reduce chemical inputs, and adapt crops to environmental stress will help to increase global food production, promote eco‐friendly farming, and mitigate the effects of climate change. Additionally, identifying microorganisms specific to plant species may help in biodiversity conservation. Advancing scientific understanding and educating future generations on the intricate relationships between plants, soil, and microorganisms is integral to developing innovative, sustainable agricultural practices and improved food security.Domestication and intensive management practices have significantly shaped characteristics of modern crops. However, our understanding of domestication's impact had mainly focused on aboveground plant traits, neglecting root and rhizospheric traits, as well as trait–trait interactions and root‐microbial interactions.To address this knowledge gap, we grew modern (Hordeum vulgare L. var. Barke) and wild barley (Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch var. spontaneum) in large rhizoboxes. We manipulated the soil microbiome by comparing disturbed (sterilized soil inoculum, DSM) versus non‐disturbed (non‐sterilized inoculum, NSM) microbiome. Results showed that modern barley grew faster and increased organic‐carbon exudation (OCEXU) compared to wild barley.Both barley species exhibited accelerated root growth and enhanced OCEXU under DSM, indicating their ability to partially compensate and exploit the soil resources independently of microbes if need be. Plant trait network analysis revealed that modern barley had a denser, larger, and less modular network of microbes than wild barley indicating domestication's impact on trait–trait coordination. In addition, the relative abundance of bacteria did not vary between wild and modern barley rhizospheres; however, species‐specific unique bacteria were identified, with stronger effects under DSM.Overall, our findings highlight domestication‐driven shifts in root traits, trait coordination, and their modulation by the soil microbiome.
了解驯化对作物根系性状的影响以及与土壤微生物组的相互作用对提高作物抗逆性和农业可持续性至关重要。利用这些知识来增强根系、减少化学投入并使作物适应环境压力,将有助于提高全球粮食产量、促进生态友好型农业发展并减轻气候变化的影响。此外,确定植物物种特有的微生物可能有助于保护生物多样性。提高对植物、土壤和微生物之间错综复杂关系的科学认识并教育后代,是开发创新、可持续农业实践和改善粮食安全不可或缺的一部分。然而,我们对驯化影响的认识主要集中在植物的地上部性状,而忽视了根部和根瘤的性状,以及性状与性状之间的相互作用和根部与微生物之间的相互作用。为了弥补这一知识空白,我们在大型根瘤菌箱中种植了现代大麦(Hordeum vulgare L. var. Barke)和野生大麦(Hordeum spontaneum K. Koch var. spontaneum)。我们通过比较受干扰(灭菌土壤接种物,DSM)与未受干扰(非灭菌接种物,NSM)的微生物群来操纵土壤微生物群。结果表明,与野生大麦相比,现代大麦的生长速度更快,有机碳渗出量(OCEXU)更高。在DSM条件下,两种大麦都表现出根系生长加速和OCEXU增强,这表明它们有能力在必要时独立于微生物而部分补偿和利用土壤资源。植物性状网络分析显示,与野生大麦相比,现代大麦的微生物网络更密集、更庞大、模块化程度更低,这表明驯化对性状与性状之间的协调产生了影响。总之,我们的研究结果突显了驯化驱动的根系性状变化、性状协调以及土壤微生物组对它们的调节作用。
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引用次数: 0
The Jersey Daffodil Project: Integrating nanopore sequencing into classrooms improves STEM skills, scientific identity and career development 新泽西水仙花项目:将纳米孔测序融入课堂,提高 STEM 技能、科学认同感和职业发展
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10550
J. Hale, A. Harkess, Kálmán Könyves
The Jersey Daffodil Project, a secondary school initiative, boosted students' aspirations in science careers. Fieldwork, DNA sequencing and discussions with scientists enriched their learning and aspirations. Surveys revealed a positive shift in students' views towards STEM careers. The project also influenced an entire cohort to pursue biological sciences in 2021. The use of cutting‐edge technology reduced costs and time, showing promise for broader school collaboration. This project not only transforms science education but also inspires students, shaping their futures and fostering a new generation of scientists.
泽西水仙花项目是一项中学倡议,它增强了学生对科学职业的渴望。实地考察、DNA 测序以及与科学家的讨论丰富了他们的学习内容,也激发了他们的志向。调查显示,学生对 STEM 职业的看法发生了积极转变。该项目还影响了整批学生在 2021 年学习生物科学。尖端技术的使用减少了成本和时间,为更广泛的学校合作带来了希望。该项目不仅改变了科学教育,还激励了学生,塑造了他们的未来,培养了新一代科学家。
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引用次数: 0
Relictithismia: An underground fairy lantern 宗教信仰地下仙女灯
Pub Date : 2024-07-18 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10539
K. Suetsugu
The discovery of a new genus within the family Thismiaceae, known as fairy lanterns, marks a significant scientific milestone in Japan, a country renowned for its botanical research. The unearthing of a new genus, especially in a well‐documented flora like Japan, is both rare and monumental. Unlike other fairy lanterns that bloom under leaf litter and can be easily overlooked, the new genus and species, Relictithismia kimotsukiensis, often does not even emerge above the surface of the soil when flowering. This captivating characteristic not only enriches our knowledge of botanical diversity but also emphasizes the importance of preserving natural habitats that harbor such rare species.The family Thismiaceae, known as “fairy lanterns”, is distinguished by its urn‐ or bell‐shaped, glasswork‐like flowers with basally fused tepals and its dependence on specific fungi for carbon. A new genus and species, Relictithismia kimotsukiensis, has been discovered in southern Japan. This species is notable for its unique anther‐stigma contact, hitherto unreported in the other Thismiaceae. Unlike typical fairy lanterns that bloom just above the leaf litter, Relictithismia often flowers beneath it. The underground habit is potentially associated with self‐pollination. The discovery of Relictithismia enhances our understanding of evolutionary pathways within the Thismiaceae, as it possesses characteristics previously thought to be unique to Thismia (the annulus with drooping stamens) as well as traits found in other genera (free stamens without expanded connectives). This paper reviews the morphology, ecology, and evolutionary history of Relictithismia, offering insights into the peculiarities of these enigmatic plants.
在以植物学研究闻名于世的日本,发现被称为仙女灯的菰科植物中的一个新属标志着一个重要的科学里程碑。一个新属的发现,尤其是在日本这样一个有据可查的植物区系中,既罕见又具有纪念意义。与其他在落叶堆下开花、容易被忽视的仙人掌不同,新属和新种 Relictithismia kimotsukiensis 在开花时通常甚至不会露出土壤表面。这种迷人的特性不仅丰富了我们对植物多样性的认识,而且还强调了保护孕育这种稀有物种的自然栖息地的重要性。"仙人掌 "之称的仙人掌科(Thismiaceae)的特点是,它的花呈瓮形或钟形,像玻璃制品一样,花被片基部融合,并依赖于特定的真菌提供碳。在日本南部发现了一个新属和新种--Relictithismia kimotsukiensis。该物种以其独特的花药柱头接触而闻名,迄今为止在其他麝香草科植物中尚未见报道。典型的仙人掌花开在叶丛之上,而 Relictithismia 则不同,它经常在叶丛之下开花。这种地下习性可能与自花授粉有关。Relictithismia的发现增进了我们对蔷薇科植物进化途径的了解,因为它既具有以前认为是蔷薇科植物独有的特征(雄蕊下垂的环状体),也具有其他属的特征(没有膨大药隔的游离雄蕊)。本文回顾了Relictithismia的形态学、生态学和进化史,为了解这些神秘植物的奇特之处提供了见解。
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引用次数: 0
Across Madagascar, treeless grasslands characterised by erosion gullies are named after forest and trees 在马达加斯加各地,以侵蚀沟壑为特征的无树草原以森林和树木命名
Pub Date : 2024-07-16 DOI: 10.1002/ppp3.10542
G. Joseph, Fetraharimalala Randriatsara, Andrinajoro R. Rakotoarivelo, Ando A. Rafidiarimanda, Coleen L Seymour
Debates about the impacts of human settlement on Madagascar's habitat have missed the Malagasy perspective. Using indigenous and local knowledge in the form of toponyms, we find many regions across today's treeless grasslands are named after forest/trees, suggesting they may be novel. Where observed habitat does not match toponyms, erosion is significantly more likely at landscape scales. This suggests rapid expansion of erosion following human removal and burning of endemic forest, savanna woodland, heathland and grass assemblages. Findings also provide a timely warning: current practices may be unsustainable and may impact not only biodiversity but also human wellbeing unless urgently addressed.The debate surrounding the extent of Madagascar's treeless grasslands at human settlement is important because introduced disturbance can negatively impact the biodiversity and productivity of systems that evolved under different regimes. Indigenous and local knowledge (ILK), often overlooked, can provide information about past vegetation structure. To test whether clearance of forest and trees, frequent fires and pasture preparation have accelerated today's island‐wide erosion, we use vegetation toponyms and assess whether mismatches between these and current vegetation types are significantly more likely to be associated with erosion.Using Malagasy and Imerina linguistic records spanning 150 years, we mapped forest‐related and grassland‐related extensive toponyms in current grassland and forest, respectively. We then assessed whether remotely‐sensed erosion was more likely when toponyms and current habitat did not match.We found 316 sites in treeless grasslands, named after forest/clusters of trees, but no grassland‐named sites in forest. Globally, natural forest and grasslands both constrain erosion. Forest toponyms in grassland were significantly more likely to reflect erosion than sites in extant forest.These findings concur with palaeoecological, geomorphological, molecular and rangeland palatability studies. Malagasy ILK, hitherto largely ignored as a source of information, strongly suggests vegetation clearance and human disturbance have exacerbated the degradation of terrestrial, freshwater and marine ecosystems through topsoil loss and siltation and selected fire‐adapted, less‐palatable grasslands. Malagasy ILK in the form of toponyms highlights the need to address the negative impacts of burning and land‐clearance practices (e.g., loss of biodiversity and ecological function, decreased agricultural productivity, collapsed fisheries), given island‐wide challenges to food security and conservation.
关于人类定居对马达加斯加栖息地的影响的讨论忽略了马达加斯加人的观点。利用地名形式的本土和当地知识,我们发现今天无树草原上的许多地区都以森林/树木命名,这表明它们可能是新的。在观察到的栖息地与地名不符的地方,在景观尺度上侵蚀的可能性要大得多。这表明,在人类清除和焚烧特有的森林、热带稀树草原林地、荒漠和草地后,水土流失迅速扩大。研究结果还及时提出了警告:当前的做法可能是不可持续的,如果不尽快解决,不仅会影响生物多样性,还会影响人类福祉。围绕马达加斯加人类居住区无树草地范围的讨论非常重要,因为引入的干扰会对在不同制度下演化的系统的生物多样性和生产力产生负面影响。土著和地方知识(ILK)常常被忽视,但它们可以提供有关过去植被结构的信息。为了检验森林和树木的清除、频繁的火灾和牧场的开垦是否加速了今天全岛范围内的侵蚀,我们使用了植被地名,并评估了这些地名与当前植被类型之间的不匹配是否更有可能与侵蚀有关。我们使用了马拉加什语和伊梅里纳语 150 年的语言记录,分别绘制了当前草原和森林中与森林相关和与草原相关的广泛地名。我们在无树草原上发现了 316 个以森林/树群命名的地点,但在森林中没有以草原命名的地点。在全球范围内,天然森林和草原都限制了水土流失。这些发现与古生态学、地貌学、分子学和牧场适口性研究结果一致。迄今为止,马达加斯加ILK作为一种信息来源在很大程度上被忽视了,它有力地表明,植被清除和人类干扰加剧了陆地、淡水和海洋生态系统的退化,表土流失、淤积,并选择了与火相适应、适口性较差的草地。考虑到全岛在粮食安全和保护方面面临的挑战,以地名形式出现的马达加斯加 ILK 强调了解决焚烧和土地清理做法的负面影响(如生物多样性和生态功能丧失、农业生产力下降、渔业崩溃)的必要性。
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