Impact of Periodontitis on the Leakage of Oral Bacteria to the Gut.

Journal of dental research Pub Date : 2024-03-01 Epub Date: 2024-01-09 DOI:10.1177/00220345231221709
E Buetas, M Jordán-López, A López-Roldán, A Mira, M Carda-Diéguez
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Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) and periodontitis have recently been related due to the higher incidence of CRC in periodontal patients and the involvement of periodontal pathogens in carcinogenesis, suggesting that leakage from the oral cavity to the gut occurs. However, the magnitude of this pass-through in healthy individuals is controversial, and the effect that periodontitis could play in it is understudied. To evaluate the rate of bacterial leakage from the oral cavity to the gut, we analyzed the microbial composition of saliva, subgingival plaque, and fecal samples in healthy individuals without gastrointestinal disorders, including 20 periodontitis patients and 20 oral healthy controls, using PacBio full-length 16S rRNA gene sequencing. As expected, we observed a higher abundance of periodontal pathogens in the subgingival plaque and saliva of periodontal patients. In contrast, no significant differences were found between the fecal samples of both groups, implying that gut samples from periodontal patients were not enriched in periodontal pathogens. Fusobacterium nucleatum, a biomarker of CRC, was not found in the fecal samples of any participant. Our study does show a small leakage of some oral bacteria (mainly streptococci) to the gut, regardless of periodontal health status. Future studies should test whether other host factors and/or the preexistence of a gut disorder must be present in addition to periodontitis to promote the colonization of the gut by oral pathogens. The absence of periodontal pathogens in feces supports the idea that these bacteria could be used as biomarkers of intestinal disorders, including CRC.

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牙周炎对口腔细菌渗入肠道的影响
最近,大肠癌(CRC)和牙周炎被联系起来,因为牙周病患者的大肠癌发病率较高,而且牙周病原体也参与了致癌过程。然而,健康人的这种渗透程度还存在争议,牙周炎在其中可能发挥的作用也未得到充分研究。为了评估细菌从口腔渗漏到肠道的速度,我们使用 PacBio 全长 16S rRNA 基因测序分析了没有胃肠道疾病的健康人(包括 20 名牙周炎患者和 20 名口腔健康对照组)唾液、龈下牙菌斑和粪便样本中的微生物组成。不出所料,我们在牙周炎患者的龈下牙菌斑和唾液中观察到了更多的牙周病原体。相比之下,两组患者的粪便样本没有发现明显差异,这意味着牙周病患者的肠道样本中并没有富集牙周病原体。在所有参与者的粪便样本中都没有发现作为 CRC 生物标志物的核酸镰刀菌。我们的研究确实表明,无论牙周健康状况如何,一些口腔细菌(主要是链球菌)会少量渗入肠道。未来的研究应该检验,除了牙周炎之外,是否还必须存在其他宿主因素和/或预先存在肠道疾病,才能促进口腔病原体在肠道的定植。粪便中没有牙周病原体支持了这样一种观点,即这些细菌可用作肠道疾病(包括 CRC)的生物标志物。
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