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Oral Health Research in the WHO African Region between 2011 and 2022: A Scoping Review. 2011 至 2022 年世界卫生组织非洲地区口腔健康研究:范围界定审查。
Pub Date : 2024-10-29 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241272024
T F Labarca, D Ortuño, L Neira, G Andrade, F J Bravo, C R Cantarutti, M Dallaserra, A Gatarayiha, J Karajgikar, R J Kulchar, X Liu, C C Martins-Pfeifer, N Olivares, L Pilcher, S Pahlke, C Pirela, J M Sanchez, A Song, O Urquhart, J P Vargas, C Véliz, F Verdugo-Paiva, P Vergara, V Zaffiri, J Zuñiga, Y Makino, M Glick, A Carrasco-Labra

The status of oral health research in the World Health Organization (WHO) African region is unclear, yet the need for such information is central to moving an oral health agenda forward. Such an agenda is essential for effectively translating research into actionable practices and supporting regional strategies. The aim of this scoping review was to provide data on the scope and output of oral health research in the WHO African region to be used as a starting point for establishing a research agenda that can affect oral health in the region. We conducted a systematic search in PubMed; EMBASE; Epistemonikos; Scopus; the International Association for Dental, Oral, and Craniofacial Research General and Regional Sessions; ProQUEST; PROSPERO; and African regional databases such as Regional African Index Medicus and the African Journal Online. We included primary and secondary studies published in English, French, or Portuguese between January 1, 2011, and December 31, 2022, addressing oral health-related research having individuals, groups, or populations as units of analysis. These reports either addressed a topic relevant to the WHO African region assessed using the title and study objective or were conducted in a country in the region. We excluded in vitro and in vivo studies focusing on cells, biomarkers, or animals. We assessed 24,014 records, and 1,379 proved eligible. Our findings indicate a preference for particular research designs less suitable for evidence-informed practice guidelines and oral policies, a limited scope of oral health research topics, and important regional differences in research capacity. Furthermore, publications by researchers in the WHO African region tend to be published in journals with a limited readership. A discussion of our findings among oral health researchers at academic institutions in the WHO African region on how to create within- and across-country collaborations could potentially improve both health and oral health in the region.

世界卫生组织(WHO)非洲地区的口腔健康研究状况尚不清楚,但需要此类信息对于推进口腔健康议程至关重要。这种议程对于有效地将研究成果转化为可操作的实践和支持区域战略至关重要。本次范围界定综述的目的是提供世界卫生组织非洲地区口腔健康研究的范围和成果数据,并以此为起点制定能够影响该地区口腔健康的研究议程。我们在 PubMed、EMBASE、Epistemonikos、Scopus、国际牙科、口腔和颅面研究协会大会和地区会议、ProQUEST、PROSPERO 以及非洲地区 Index Medicus 和非洲期刊在线等非洲地区数据库中进行了系统检索。我们收录了 2011 年 1 月 1 日至 2022 年 12 月 31 日期间以英语、法语或葡萄牙语发表的主要和次要研究报告,这些报告涉及以个人、群体或人口为分析单位的口腔健康相关研究。这些报告要么涉及与世界卫生组织非洲地区相关的主题,使用标题和研究目标进行评估,要么是在该地区的某个国家进行的。我们排除了以细胞、生物标记物或动物为重点的体外和体内研究。我们评估了 24,014 条记录,其中 1,379 条符合条件。我们的研究结果表明,人们更倾向于特定的研究设计,而不太适合循证实践指南和口腔政策,口腔健康研究课题的范围有限,而且研究能力存在重大地区差异。此外,世卫组织非洲地区研究人员的出版物往往发表在读者群有限的期刊上。世界卫生组织非洲地区学术机构的口腔健康研究人员就我们的研究结果展开讨论,探讨如何建立国家内部和国家之间的合作,这有可能改善该地区的卫生和口腔健康状况。
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引用次数: 0
Advanced Imaging in Dental Research: From Gene Mapping to AI Global Data. 牙科研究中的先进成像技术:从基因图谱到人工智能全球数据。
Pub Date : 2024-10-27 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241293040
D T Graves, S E Uribe

Advances in imaging technologies combined with artificial intelligence (AI) are transforming dental, oral, and craniofacial research. This editorial highlights breakthroughs ranging from gene expression mapping to visualizing the availability of global AI data, providing new insights into biological complexity and clinical applications.

成像技术与人工智能(AI)的结合正在改变牙科、口腔和颅面研究。这篇社论重点介绍了从基因表达图谱到可视化全球人工智能数据等方面的突破,为生物复杂性和临床应用提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Periodontitis and Diabetes Differentially Affect Inflammation in Obesity. 牙周炎和糖尿病对肥胖症炎症的影响各不相同
Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241280743
S SantaCruz-Calvo, S Saraswat, H Hasturk, D R Dawson, X D Zhang, B S Nikolajczyk

Periodontitis (PD) potentiates systemic inflammatory diseases and fuels a feed-forward loop of pathogenic inflammation in obesity and type 2 diabetes (T2D). Published work in this area often conflates obesity with obesity-associated T2D; thus, it remains unclear whether PD similarly affects the inflammatory profiles of these 2 distinct systemic diseases. We collected peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) from cross-sectionally recruited subjects to estimate the ability of PD to affect cytokine production in human obesity and/or T2D. We analyzed 2 major sources of systemic inflammation: T cells and myeloid cells. Bioplex quantitated cytokines secreted by PBMCs stimulated with T cell- or myeloid-targeting activators, and we combinatorially analyzed outcomes using partial least squares discriminant analysis. Our data show that PD significantly shifts peripheral T cell- and myeloid-generated inflammation in obesity. PD also changed myeloid- but not T cell-generated inflammation in T2D. T2D changed inflammation in samples from subjects with PD, and PD changed inflammation in samples from subjects with T2D, consistent with the bidirectional relationship of inflammation between these 2 conditions. PBMCs from T2D subjects with stage IV PD produced lower amounts of T cell and myeloid cytokines compared with PBMCs from T2D subjects with stage II to III PD. We conclude that PD and T2D affect systemic inflammation through overlapping but nonidentical mechanisms in obesity, indicating that characterizing both oral and metabolic status (beyond obesity) is critical for identifying mechanisms linking PD to systemic diseases such as obesity and T2D. The finding that stage IV PD cells generate fewer cytokines in T2D provides an explanation for the paradoxical findings that the immune system can appear activated or suppressed in PD, given that many studies do not report PD stage. Finally, our data indicate that a focus on multiple cellular sources of cytokines will be imperative to clinically address the systemic effects of PD in people with obesity.

牙周炎(PD)会加剧全身炎症性疾病,并助长肥胖和 2 型糖尿病(T2D)致病性炎症的前馈循环。该领域已发表的研究往往将肥胖与肥胖相关的 T2D 混为一谈;因此,目前仍不清楚牙周炎是否会同样影响这两种不同系统疾病的炎症特征。我们收集了横断面招募对象的外周血单核细胞(PBMCs),以评估 PD 影响人类肥胖和/或 T2D 中细胞因子产生的能力。我们分析了全身炎症的两个主要来源:T细胞和骨髓细胞。Bioplex 定量分析了受 T 细胞或髓样细胞靶向激活剂刺激的 PBMC 所分泌的细胞因子,我们使用偏最小二乘法判别分析对结果进行了组合分析。我们的数据显示,肥胖症患者的外周 T 细胞和髓细胞引发的炎症发生了明显变化。PD也改变了T2D患者髓细胞产生的炎症,但没有改变T细胞产生的炎症。T2D改变了PD受试者样本中的炎症,而PD改变了T2D受试者样本中的炎症,这与这两种情况之间炎症的双向关系一致。与 T2D II 至 III 期患者的 PBMC 相比,T2D IV 期患者的 PBMC 产生的 T 细胞和髓细胞因子较少。我们的结论是,PD 和 T2D 通过重叠但不相同的机制影响肥胖症的全身炎症,这表明要确定 PD 与肥胖症和 T2D 等全身疾病的关联机制,口腔和代谢状态(肥胖症除外)的特征至关重要。在 T2D 中,IV 期 PD 细胞产生的细胞因子较少,这一发现为免疫系统在 PD 中可能出现激活或抑制的矛盾发现提供了解释,因为许多研究并未报告 PD 的分期。最后,我们的数据表明,要在临床上解决肥胖症患者腹膜透析的系统性影响,就必须关注细胞因子的多种细胞来源。
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引用次数: 0
Spatial Transcriptomics Unravel the Tissue Complexity of Oral Pathogenesis. 空间转录组学揭示口腔发病的组织复杂性
Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241271934
J Haller, N Abedi, A Hafedi, O Shehab, M S Wietecha

Spatial transcriptomics (ST) is a cutting-edge methodology that enables the simultaneous profiling of global gene expression and spatial information within histological tissue sections. Traditional transcriptomic methods lack the spatial resolution required to sufficiently examine the complex interrelationships between cellular regions in diseased and healthy tissue states. We review the general workflows for ST, from specimen processing to ST data analysis and interpretations of the ST dataset using visualizations and cell deconvolution approaches. We show how recent studies used ST to explore the development or pathogenesis of specific craniofacial regions, including the cranium, palate, salivary glands, tongue, floor of mouth, oropharynx, and periodontium. Analyses of cranial suture patency and palatal fusion during development using ST identified spatial patterns of bone morphogenetic protein in sutures and osteogenic differentiation pathways in the palate, in addition to the discovery of several genes expressed at critical locations during craniofacial development. ST of salivary glands from patients with Sjögren's disease revealed co-localization of autoimmune antigens with ductal cells and a subpopulation of acinar cells that was specifically depleted by the dysregulated autoimmune response. ST of head and neck lesions, such as premalignant leukoplakia progressing to established oral squamous cell carcinomas, oral cancers with perineural invasions, and oropharyngeal lesions associated with HPV infection spatially profiled the complex tumor microenvironment, showing functionally important gene signatures of tumor cell differentiation, invasion, and nontumor cell dysregulation within patient biopsies. ST also enabled the localization of periodontal disease-associated gene expression signatures within gingival tissues, including genes involved in inflammation, and the discovery of a fibroblast subtype mediating the transition between innate and adaptive immune responses in periodontitis. The increased use of ST, especially in conjunction with single-cell analyses, promises to improve our understandings of craniofacial development and pathogenesis at unprecedented tissue-level resolution in both space and time.

空间转录组学(ST)是一种前沿方法,可同时分析组织学切片中的全局基因表达和空间信息。传统的转录组学方法缺乏必要的空间分辨率,无法充分研究疾病和健康组织状态下细胞区域之间复杂的相互关系。我们回顾了 ST 的一般工作流程,从标本处理到 ST 数据分析,以及使用可视化和细胞解卷积方法对 ST 数据集进行解读。我们展示了最近的研究如何利用 ST 来探索特定颅面部区域的发育或发病机制,包括颅骨、腭、唾液腺、舌、口底、口咽和牙周。利用 ST 对发育过程中的颅缝通畅性和腭部融合进行分析,确定了缝中骨形态发生蛋白的空间模式和腭部的成骨分化途径,此外还发现了颅面发育过程中在关键位置表达的几个基因。对斯约格伦病患者唾液腺的 ST 发现了自身免疫抗原与导管细胞的共定位,以及因自身免疫反应失调而特异性耗竭的尖突细胞亚群。对头颈部病变(如进展为口腔鳞状细胞癌的前恶性白斑、有神经周围侵犯的口腔癌以及与人乳头瘤病毒感染相关的口咽部病变)进行的 ST 分析对复杂的肿瘤微环境进行了空间剖析,显示了患者活检组织中肿瘤细胞分化、侵袭和非肿瘤细胞失调的重要功能基因特征。ST 还能定位牙龈组织中牙周疾病相关基因的表达特征,包括参与炎症的基因,并发现了一种介导牙周炎先天性免疫反应和适应性免疫反应之间转变的成纤维细胞亚型。越来越多地使用 ST,特别是与单细胞分析相结合,有望在空间和时间上以前所未有的组织级分辨率提高我们对颅面发育和发病机制的认识。
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引用次数: 0
Nuclear TOP1MT Confers Cisplatin Resistance via Pseudogene in HNSCC. 核 TOP1MT 在 HNSCC 中通过伪基因产生顺铂抗性
Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241272017
T Tong, P S Zhai, X Qin, Z Zhang, C W Li, H Y Guo, H L Ma

Cisplatin resistance is one of the major causes of treatment failure in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC). There is an urgent need to uncover the underlying mechanism for developing effective treatment strategies. A quantitative proteomics assay was used to identify differential proteins in cisplatin-resistant cells. Mitochondrial topoisomerase I (TOP1MT) localization was determined using laser confocal microscopy and nucleocytoplasmic separation assay. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing, dual-luciferase reporter assay, and RNA immunoprecipitation were used to identify the interaction between pseudogenes, miRNAs, and real genes. In vivo experiments verified the interaction between TOP1MT and pseudogenes on cisplatin resistance. TOP1MT was identified as a driving factor of cisplatin resistance in vitro, in vivo, and in HNSCC patients. Moreover, TOP1MT exceptionally translocated to the nucleus in cisplatin-resistant HNSCC cells in a signal peptide-dependent manner. Nuclear TOP1MT (nTOP1MT) transcriptionally regulated the mitochondrial functional pseudogene MTATP6P1, which bound to miR-137 and miR-491-5p as a competing endogenous RNA (ceRNA) and promoted the expression of MTATP6. An increase in MTATP6 enhanced mitochondrial oxidative phosphorylation (OXPHOS), which conferred cisplatin resistance in HNSCC. Our findings revealed that nTOP1MT transcriptionally activated MTAPT6P1 and increased MTATP6 expression via ceRNA, which facilitated OXPHOS and cisplatin resistance. These results provide novel insight for overcoming cisplatin resistance in HNSCC.

顺铂耐药性是头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)治疗失败的主要原因之一。目前迫切需要揭示其潜在机制,以制定有效的治疗策略。本研究采用定量蛋白质组学分析方法来鉴定顺铂耐药细胞中的差异蛋白质。线粒体拓扑异构酶I(TOP1MT)的定位是通过激光共聚焦显微镜和核胞质分离试验确定的。染色质免疫共沉淀测序、双荧光素酶报告分析和 RNA 免疫共沉淀被用来鉴定伪基因、miRNA 和真基因之间的相互作用。体内实验验证了 TOP1MT 与伪基因之间在顺铂抗性上的相互作用。在体外、体内和 HNSCC 患者中,TOP1MT 被确定为顺铂耐药性的驱动因素。此外,在顺铂耐药的 HNSCC 细胞中,TOP1MT 例外地以信号肽依赖的方式转位到细胞核中。核TOP1MT(nTOP1MT)转录调控线粒体功能假基因MTATP6P1,MTATP6P1作为竞争性内源性RNA(ceRNA)与miR-137和miR-491-5p结合,促进MTATP6的表达。MTATP6的增加增强了线粒体氧化磷酸化(OXPHOS),从而赋予了HNSCC顺铂抗性。我们的研究结果表明,nTOP1MT可通过ceRNA转录激活MTAPT6P1并增加MTATP6的表达,从而促进OXPHOS和顺铂抗性。这些结果为克服 HNSCC 的顺铂耐药性提供了新的见解。
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引用次数: 0
Recent Advances in Intraoral Scanners. 口内扫描仪的最新进展。
Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241271937
F Eggmann, M B Blatz

Intraoral scanners (IOSs) have emerged as a cornerstone technology in digital dentistry. This article examines the recent advancements and multifaceted applications of IOSs, highlighting their benefits in patient care and addressing their current limitations. The IOS market has seen a competitive surge. Modern IOSs, featuring continuous image capture and advanced software for seamless image stitching, have made the scanning process more efficient. Patient comfort with IOS procedures is favorable, mitigating the discomfort associated with conventional impression taking. There has been a shift toward open data interfaces, notably enhancing interoperability. However, the integration of IOSs into large dental institutions is slow, facing challenges such as compatibility with existing health record systems and extensive data storage management. IOSs now extend beyond their use in computer-aided design and manufacturing, with software solutions transforming them into platforms for diagnostics, patient communication, and treatment planning. Several IOSs are equipped with tools for caries detection, employing fluorescence technologies or near-infrared imaging to identify carious lesions. IOSs facilitate quantitative monitoring of tooth wear and soft-tissue dimensions. For precise tooth segmentation in intraoral scans, essential for orthodontic applications, developers are leveraging innovative deep neural network-based approaches. The clinical performance of restorations fabricated based on intraoral scans has proven to be comparable to those obtained using conventional impressions, substantiating the reliability of IOSs in restorative dentistry. In oral and maxillofacial surgery, IOSs enhance airway safety during impression taking and aid in treating conditions such as cleft lip and palate, among other congenital craniofacial disorders, across diverse age groups. While IOSs have improved various aspects of dental care, ongoing enhancements in usability, diagnostic accuracy, and image segmentation are crucial to exploit the potential of this technology in optimizing patient care.

口内扫描仪 (IOS) 已成为数字牙科的一项基础技术。本文探讨了口内扫描仪的最新进展和多方面应用,强调了其在患者护理方面的优势,并探讨了其目前存在的局限性。IOS 市场竞争激烈。现代的 IOS 具有连续图像捕捉功能和先进的无缝图像拼接软件,使扫描过程更加高效。患者对 IOS 程序的舒适度很高,减轻了传统取模带来的不适感。目前已转向开放式数据接口,显著提高了互操作性。然而,IOS 与大型牙科机构的整合进展缓慢,面临着与现有健康记录系统的兼容性和大量数据存储管理等挑战。目前,综合观测系统已不仅仅局限于用于计算机辅助设计和制造,软件解决方案已将其转化为诊断、患者交流和治疗规划的平台。一些 IOS 配备了龋病检测工具,利用荧光技术或近红外成像技术来识别龋损。口内观察系统有助于对牙齿磨损和软组织尺寸进行定量监测。对于口内扫描中的精确牙齿分割(这对正畸应用至关重要),开发人员正在利用基于深度神经网络的创新方法。事实证明,根据口内扫描制作的修复体的临床性能可与使用传统印模获得的修复体相媲美,这证明了 IOS 在牙科修复中的可靠性。在口腔颌面外科,IOS 提高了取模过程中气道的安全性,并有助于治疗唇腭裂等不同年龄段的先天性颅面疾病。虽然 IOS 改善了牙科护理的各个方面,但要发挥这项技术在优化患者护理方面的潜力,还必须不断提高其可用性、诊断准确性和图像分割能力。
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引用次数: 0
A Deep Learning System to Predict Epithelial Dysplasia in Oral Leukoplakia. 预测口腔白斑病上皮发育不良的深度学习系统
Pub Date : 2024-10-09 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241272048
J Adeoye, A Chaurasia, A Akinshipo, I K Suleiman, L-W Zheng, A W I Lo, J J Pu, S Bello, F O Oginni, E T Agho, R O Braimah, Y X Su

Oral leukoplakia (OL) has an inherent disposition to develop oral cancer. OL with epithelial dysplasia (OED) is significantly likely to undergo malignant transformation; however, routine OED assessment is invasive and challenging. This study investigated whether a deep learning (DL) model can predict dysplasia probability among patients with leukoplakia using oral photographs. In addition, we assessed the performance of the DL model in comparison with clinicians' ratings and in providing decision support on dysplasia assessment. Retrospective images of leukoplakia taken before biopsy/histopathology were obtained to construct the DL model (n = 2,073). OED status following histopathology was used as the gold standard for all images. We first developed, fine-tuned, and internally validated a DL architecture with an EfficientNet-B2 backbone that outputs the predicted probability of OED, OED status, and regions-of-interest heat maps. Then, we tested the performance of the DL model on a temporal cohort before geographical validation. We also assessed the model's performance at external validation with opinions provided by human raters on OED status. Performance evaluation included discrimination, calibration, and potential net benefit. The DL model achieved good Brier scores, areas under the curve, and balanced accuracies of 0.124 (0.079-0.169), 0.882 (0.838-0.926), and 81.8% (76.5-87.1) at testing and 0.146 (0.112-0.18), 0.828 (0.792-0.864), and 76.4% (72.3-80.5) at external validation, respectively. In addition, the model had a higher potential net benefit in selecting patients with OL for biopsy/histopathology during OED assessment than when biopsies were performed for all patients. External validation also showed that the DL model had better accuracy than 92.3% (24/26) of human raters in classifying the OED status of leukoplakia from oral images (balanced accuracy: 54.8%-79.7%). Overall, the photograph-based intelligent model can predict OED probability and status in leukoplakia with good calibration and discrimination, which shows potential for decision support to select patients for biopsy/histopathology, obviate unnecessary biopsy, and assist in patient self-monitoring.

口腔白斑病(OL)具有发展成口腔癌的固有倾向。上皮发育不良(OED)的口腔白斑发生恶性转化的可能性很大;然而,常规的 OED 评估具有侵入性和挑战性。本研究探讨了深度学习(DL)模型能否利用口腔照片预测白斑病患者的发育不良概率。此外,我们还评估了深度学习模型与临床医生评分的比较以及在提供发育不良评估决策支持方面的性能。我们获取了活检/组织病理学检查前拍摄的白斑病回顾性图像来构建 DL 模型(n = 2,073)。组织病理学检查后的 OED 状态被用作所有图像的金标准。我们首先开发、微调并在内部验证了带有 EfficientNet-B2 主干网的 DL 架构,该架构可输出 OED 预测概率、OED 状态和感兴趣区热图。然后,我们在地理验证之前,在一个时间群组上测试了 DL 模型的性能。我们还利用人类评分者提供的关于 OED 状态的意见评估了该模型的外部验证性能。性能评估包括判别、校准和潜在净效益。DL 模型的 Brier 分数、曲线下面积和平衡准确度都很高,测试结果分别为 0.124 (0.079-0.169)、0.882 (0.838-0.926) 和 81.8% (76.5-87.1),外部验证结果分别为 0.146 (0.112-0.18)、0.828 (0.792-0.864) 和 76.4% (72.3-80.5)。此外,与对所有患者进行活检相比,该模型在OED评估期间选择OL患者进行活检/组织病理学检查的潜在净收益更高。外部验证还表明,在根据口腔图像对白斑病的 OED 状态进行分类时,DL 模型的准确率高于 92.3%(24/26)的人类评分员(平衡准确率:54.8%-79.7%)。总之,基于照片的智能模型可以预测白斑病的 OED 概率和状态,并具有良好的校准和辨别能力,在选择患者进行活检/组织病理学检查、避免不必要的活检以及协助患者进行自我监测等方面具有决策支持的潜力。
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引用次数: 0
Epithelial RANKL Limits Experimental Periodontitis via Langerhans Cells. 上皮 RANKL 通过朗格汉斯细胞限制实验性牙周炎的发生
Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241274370
Y Netanely, O Barel, R Naamneh, Y Jaber, S Yacoub, Y Saba, K Zubeidat, O Saar, L Eli-Berchoer, S Yona, A Brand, T Capucha, A Wilensky, K Loser, B E Clausen, A-H Hovav

Due to its capacity to drive osteoclast differentiation, the receptor activator of nuclear factor kappa-β ligand (RANKL) is believed to exert a pathological influence in periodontitis. However, RANKL was initially identified as an activator of dendritic cells (DCs), expressed by T cells, and exhibits diverse effects on the immune system. Hence, it is probable that RANKL, acting as a bridge between the bone and immune systems, plays a more intricate role in periodontitis. Using ligature-induced periodontitis (LIP), rapid alveolar bone loss was detected that was later halted even though the ligature was still present. This late phase of LIP was also linked with immunosuppressive conditions in the gingiva. Further investigation revealed that the ligature prompted an immediate migration of RANK-expressing Langerhans cells (LCs) and EpCAM+ DCs, the antigen-presenting cells (APCs) of the gingival epithelium, to the lymph nodes, followed by an expansion of T regulatory (Treg) cells in the gingiva. Subsequently, the ligatured gingiva was repopulated by monocyte-derived RANK-expressing EpCAM+ DCs, while gingival epithelial cells upregulated RANKL expression. Blocking RANKL signaling with monoclonal antibodies significantly reduced the frequencies of Treg cells in the gingiva and prevented gingival immunosuppression. In addition, RANKL signaling facilitated the differentiation of LCs from bone marrow precursors. To further investigate the role of RANKL, we used K14-RANKL mice, in which RANKL is overexpressed by gingival epithelial cells. The elevated RANKL expression shifted the steady-state frequencies of LCs and EpCAM+ DCs within the epithelium, favoring LCs over EpCAM+ DCs. Following ligature placement, heightened levels of Treg cells were observed in the gingiva of K14-RANKL mice, and alveolar bone loss was significantly reduced. These findings suggest that RANKL-RANK interactions between gingival epithelial cells and APCs are crucial for suppressing gingival inflammation, highlighting a protective immunological role for RANKL in periodontitis that was overlooked due to its osteoclastogenic activity.

核因子 kappa-β 配体受体激活剂(RANKL)具有驱动破骨细胞分化的能力,因此被认为对牙周炎具有病理影响。然而,RANKL 最初被认为是树突状细胞(DC)的激活剂,由 T 细胞表达,对免疫系统有多种影响。因此,作为骨与免疫系统之间的桥梁,RANKL很可能在牙周炎中扮演着更为复杂的角色。利用结扎诱导的牙周炎(LIP),可以检测到牙槽骨的快速流失,即使结扎仍然存在,这种流失随后也会停止。LIP 的后期阶段还与牙龈的免疫抑制条件有关。进一步的研究发现,结扎会促使牙龈上皮的抗原呈递细胞(APCs)--表达 RANK 的朗格汉斯细胞(LCs)和 EpCAM+ DCs 立即迁移到淋巴结,随后牙龈中的 T 调节(Treg)细胞也会扩张。随后,单核细胞衍生的表达 RANK 的 EpCAM+ DCs 重新填充了结扎的牙龈,而牙龈上皮细胞则上调了 RANKL 的表达。用单克隆抗体阻断RANKL信号传导可显著降低牙龈中Treg细胞的频率,防止牙龈免疫抑制。此外,RANKL 信号还能促进骨髓前体 LCs 的分化。为了进一步研究 RANKL 的作用,我们使用了 K14-RANKL 小鼠,在这种小鼠中,牙龈上皮细胞过量表达 RANKL。RANKL 表达的升高改变了上皮细胞内 LCs 和 EpCAM+ DCs 的稳态频率,LCs 比 EpCAM+ DCs 更受青睐。结扎后,在 K14-RANKL 小鼠的牙龈中观察到了更高水平的 Treg 细胞,牙槽骨流失也显著减少。这些研究结果表明,牙龈上皮细胞和APCs之间的RANKL-RANK相互作用对抑制牙龈炎症至关重要,凸显了RANKL在牙周炎中的保护性免疫作用,而这一作用因其破骨细胞活性而被忽视。
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引用次数: 0
Surrogate Endpoints: CONSORT and SPIRIT Extensions. 替代终点:CONSORT 和 SPIRIT 扩展。
Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241275479
F Schwendicke, N S Jakubovics
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引用次数: 0
A Review of Immunotherapy for Head and Neck Cancer. 头颈癌免疫疗法综述。
Pub Date : 2024-10-06 DOI: 10.1177/00220345241271992
J W Goetz, G Rabinowits, N Kalman, A Villa

The introduction of immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) to oncological care has transformed the management of various malignancies, including head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC), offering improved outcomes. The first-line treatment of recurrent and malignant HNSCC for many years was combined platinum, 5-fluorouracil, and cetuximab. Recently, the ICI pembrolizumab was approved as a first-line treatment, with or without chemotherapy, based on tumor and immune cell percentage of programmed-death ligand 1 (PD-L1). Multiple head and neck (HN) cancer trials have subsequently explored immunotherapies in combination with surgery, chemotherapy, and/or radiation. Immunotherapy regimens may be personalized by tumor biomarker, including PD-L1 content, tumor mutational burden, and microsatellite instability. However, further clinical trials are needed to refine biomarker-driven protocols and standardize pathological methods to guide combined regimen timing, sequencing, and deescalation. Gaps remain for protocols using immunotherapy to reverse oral premalignant lesions, particularly high-risk leukoplakias. A phase II nonrandomized controlled trial, using the ICI nivolumab, showed a 2-y cancer-free survival of 73%, although larger trials are needed. Guidelines are also needed to standardize the role of dental evaluation and care before, during, and after immunotherapy, specifically in regard to oral immune-related adverse events and their impact on cancer recurrence. Standardized diagnostic and oral care coordination strategies to close these gaps are needed to ensure continued success of HN cancer immunotherapy.

在肿瘤治疗中引入免疫检查点抑制剂(ICIs)改变了包括头颈部鳞状细胞癌(HNSCC)在内的各种恶性肿瘤的治疗方法,从而改善了治疗效果。多年来,复发性和恶性 HNSCC 的一线治疗方法是联合使用铂、5-氟尿嘧啶和西妥昔单抗。最近,根据肿瘤和免疫细胞中程序性死亡配体 1(PD-L1)的百分比,ICI pembrolizumab 被批准作为一线治疗药物,无论是否进行化疗。随后,多项头颈部(HN)癌症试验探索了免疫疗法与手术、化疗和/或放疗的联合应用。免疫疗法方案可根据肿瘤生物标志物(包括 PD-L1 含量、肿瘤突变负荷和微卫星不稳定性)进行个性化设计。然而,还需要进一步的临床试验来完善生物标志物驱动的方案,并规范病理学方法,以指导联合方案的时机、排序和降级。利用免疫疗法逆转口腔癌前病变(尤其是高风险白斑)的方案仍存在空白。一项采用 ICI nivolumab 的 II 期非随机对照试验显示,2 年无癌生存率为 73%,但仍需进行更大规模的试验。还需要制定指南来规范免疫疗法前、中、后牙科评估和护理的作用,特别是口腔免疫相关不良事件及其对癌症复发的影响。需要标准化的诊断和口腔护理协调策略来缩小这些差距,以确保 HN 癌症免疫疗法的持续成功。
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引用次数: 0
期刊
Journal of dental research
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