Urban-scale energy matching optimization with smart EV charging and V2G in a net-zero energy city powered by wind and solar energy

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Etransportation Pub Date : 2024-01-18 DOI:10.1016/j.etran.2024.100314

Reza Fachrizal , Kun Qian , Oskar Lindberg , Mahmoud Shepero , Rebecca Adam , Joakim Widén , Joakim Munkhammar

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Abstract

Renewable energy and electric vehicles (EVs) are crucial technologies for achieving sustainable cities. However, intermittent power generation from renewable energy sources and increased peak load due to EV charging can pose technical challenges for the power systems. Improved load matching through energy system optimization can minimize these challenges. This paper assesses the optimal urban-scale energy matching potentials in a net-zero energy city powered by wind and solar energy, considering three EV charging scenarios: opportunistic charging, smart charging, and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). A city on the west coast of Sweden is used as a case study. The smart charging and V2G schemes aim to minimize the mismatch between generation and load, and are formulated as quadratic programming problems. The simulation results show that the optimal load matching performance is achieved in a net-zero energy city with the V2G scheme and a wind-PV electricity production share of 70:30. The load matching performance in the optimal net-zero energy city is increased from 68% with opportunistic charging to 73% with smart charging and further to 84% with V2G. It is also shown that a 2.4 GWh EV battery participating in the V2G scheme equals 1.4 GWh stationary energy storage in improving urban-scale load matching performance. The findings indicate that EVs have a high potential to provide flexibility to urban energy systems.

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在以风能和太阳能为动力的净零能耗城市中，利用智能电动汽车充电和 V2G 实现城市规模的能源匹配优化

可再生能源和电动汽车（EV）是实现可持续城市的关键技术。然而，可再生能源的间歇性发电和电动汽车充电导致的峰值负荷增加会给电力系统带来技术挑战。通过能源系统优化改善负荷匹配可以最大限度地减少这些挑战。本文评估了以风能和太阳能为动力的净零能耗城市的最佳城市规模能源匹配潜力，并考虑了三种电动汽车充电方案：机会充电、智能充电和车对网（V2G）。瑞典西海岸的一座城市被用作案例研究。智能充电和 V2G 方案旨在最大限度地减少发电量和负荷之间的不匹配，并将其表述为二次编程问题。仿真结果表明，在净零能耗城市中，采用 V2G 方案和风力-光伏发电比例为 70:30，可实现最佳负载匹配性能。最优净零能耗城市的负荷匹配性能从机会充电的 68% 提高到智能充电的 73%，再进一步提高到 V2G 的 84%。研究还表明，参与 V2G 计划的 2.4 千兆瓦时电动汽车电池相当于 1.4 千兆瓦时固定储能电池，可提高城市规模的负荷匹配性能。研究结果表明，电动汽车在为城市能源系统提供灵活性方面潜力巨大。

本文章由计算机程序翻译，如有差异，请以英文原文为准。

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来源期刊

Etransportation Engineering-Automotive Engineering

CiteScore

19.80

自引率

12.60%

发文量

审稿时长

39 days

期刊介绍： eTransportation is a scholarly journal that aims to advance knowledge in the field of electric transportation. It focuses on all modes of transportation that utilize electricity as their primary source of energy, including electric vehicles, trains, ships, and aircraft. The journal covers all stages of research, development, and testing of new technologies, systems, and devices related to electrical transportation. The journal welcomes the use of simulation and analysis tools at the system, transport, or device level. Its primary emphasis is on the study of the electrical and electronic aspects of transportation systems. However, it also considers research on mechanical parts or subsystems of vehicles if there is a clear interaction with electrical or electronic equipment. Please note that this journal excludes other aspects such as sociological, political, regulatory, or environmental factors from its scope.