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Comprehensive energy footprint of electrified fleets: School bus fleet case study 电气化车队的综合能源足迹:校车车队案例研究
IF 15 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100379
Joon Moon , Athar Hanif , Qadeer Ahmed
This paper proposes a comprehensive framework for estimating the energy footprint and benefits of electrified vehicle fleets prior to their deployment. To support this analysis, it introduces a control-oriented electric bus simulator model that not only captures driving power requirements but also incorporates a thermal model for cabin behavior and a Heating Ventilation and Air Conditioning (HVAC) system for heating and cooling. By analyzing current bus routes and road terrain data, the energy demand and economic effects are estimated, taking into account the current operational characteristics of school buses. As a case study, it examines the potential advantages of electrifying school bus fleets in the Central School District in Ohio, USA, with a focus on energy savings and environmental impact reduction. Our findings suggest that transitioning to electric school buses could achieve up to 76% energy savings compared to gasoline buses and 67% energy savings compared to diesel buses. Economically, when converted to operational costs, this results in a savings of 52%–65% compared to gasoline and 27%–47% compared to diesel, depending on the specific price rate. The accuracy of our model is calibrated using actual operational data from school bus fleets. Furthermore, this study provides foundational insights into the charging requirements through the energy footprint analysis. This study contributes to the advancement of sustainable transportation by presenting comprehensive preliminary analysis results for vehicle electrification through a specific case study. It emphasizes the practical implementation of electric school buses and optimized vehicle efficiency, aligning with broader eco-friendly initiatives in the transportation sector.
本文提出了一个综合框架,用于在部署电气化车队之前估算其能源足迹和效益。为了支持这一分析,本文引入了一个以控制为导向的电动公交车模拟器模型,该模型不仅能捕捉到驾驶功率要求,还结合了车厢行为热模型和用于加热和冷却的暖通空调(HVAC)系统。通过分析当前的校车路线和道路地形数据,考虑到校车当前的运行特点,对能源需求和经济效应进行了估算。作为一项案例研究,它探讨了美国俄亥俄州中央学区校车电动化的潜在优势,重点是节约能源和减少对环境的影响。我们的研究结果表明,与汽油校车相比,过渡到电动校车可实现高达 76% 的节能,与柴油校车相比,可实现 67% 的节能。在经济上,根据具体的价格比率,如果换算成运营成本,与汽油相比可节约 52%-65% 的能源,与柴油相比可节约 27%-47% 的能源。我们使用校车车队的实际运营数据对模型的准确性进行了校准。此外,本研究还通过能源足迹分析为充电要求提供了基础性见解。本研究通过一个具体案例研究,全面展示了车辆电气化的初步分析结果,为推动可持续交通做出了贡献。它强调了电动校车的实际应用和车辆效率的优化,与交通领域更广泛的生态友好型倡议相一致。
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引用次数: 0
Simulation of single-layer internal short circuit in anode-free batteries 无阳极电池单层内部短路模拟
IF 15 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100380
Nitesh Gupta , Shanhai Ge , Tatsuro Sasaki , Kaiqiang Qin , Ryan S. Longchamps , Koichiro Aotani , Chao-Yang Wang
The lithium metal battery technologies that can fulfil the high energy density goal have grave safety concerns and lead to fire/smoke, leading to battery failure. Out of all the causes of fire, internal short circuits (ISC) are the most common. The ISC safety test is considered a crucial checkpoint for battery design, but the present tests, like nail penetration and ball indentation, lack certainty and reproducibility in declaring battery safety. In light of these experimental limitations, we present an experimentally validated ISC simulation method that can elucidate fundamental mechanisms underlying ISC. The experimental/simulation method isolates the shorted single-layer from the unshorted layers, which helps in scrutinizing ISC and thermal runaway (TR) phenomenon. The present ISC model is flexible and computationally inexpensive compared to other 3D electrochemical thermal coupled (ECT) ISC simulations for a whole battery pack. We show the experimental validation of terminal voltage, short-circuit current, shorting resistance, internal temperature and other derived parameters of an ISC simulation of anode-free cell. Finally, the simulation model was used to do a parametric study for an anode-free battery (AFB) and the effect of cell design, and shorting parameters on ISC was scrutinized.
能够实现高能量密度目标的锂金属电池技术存在严重的安全隐患,容易起火/冒烟,导致电池故障。在所有起火原因中,内部短路(ISC)是最常见的。内部短路安全测试被认为是电池设计的关键检查点,但目前的测试,如钉子穿透和球压痕,在宣布电池安全方面缺乏确定性和可重复性。鉴于这些实验局限性,我们提出了一种经过实验验证的 ISC 模拟方法,该方法可以阐明 ISC 的基本机制。该实验/模拟方法将短路单层与未短路层隔离开来,有助于仔细研究 ISC 和热失控 (TR) 现象。与其他针对整个电池组的三维电化学热耦合(ECT)ISC 仿真相比,本 ISC 模型灵活且计算成本低廉。我们展示了无阳极电池 ISC 模拟的端电压、短路电流、短路电阻、内部温度和其他衍生参数的实验验证。最后,我们利用仿真模型对无阳极电池(AFB)进行了参数研究,并仔细研究了电池设计和短路参数对 ISC 的影响。
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引用次数: 0
An advanced spatial decision model for strategic placement of off-site hydrogen refueling stations in urban areas 用于在城市地区战略布局异地加氢站的先进空间决策模型
IF 15 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2024-11-02 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2024.100375
Akram Elomiya , Jiří Křupka , Vladimir Simic , Libor Švadlenka , Petr Průša , Stefan Jovčić
The strategic placement of hydrogen refueling stations (HRSs) is crucial for the successful adoption of hydrogen fuel cell vehicles (HFCVs) and the promotion of sustainable urban transportation. However, existing spatial decision models using Geographic Information Systems (GIS) and Multi-Criteria Decision-Making (MCDM) often stop at generating suitability maps and rely on simplistic or arbitrary site placement methods, such as fixed service radii, without optimizing spatial distribution that overlook inherent uncertainties, limiting the effectiveness of the decision-making process. This study develops an advanced spatial decision model to handle uncertainty and optimize HRS placement in Prague, Czechia. The model integrates multiple methodologies: (i) Utilizing 21 criteria across accessibility, environmental, infrastructural, and socioeconomic dimensions, with criteria weights prioritized using the Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process (FAHP) to manage uncertainty in expert judgments. GIS suitability analysis identified optimal areas, with 18.13% of Prague classified as highly suitable for HRS deployment. (ii) Implementing Fuzzy C-Means (FCM) clustering to optimize site distribution and address uncertainty in HRS placement, proposing 10 optimal locations validated by a Silhouette score of 0.68. (iii) Evaluating model performance through sensitivity analysis, revealing responsiveness to criteria variations. To evaluate and rank the proposed HRS locations, we integrated a Genetic Algorithm (GA) with the Technique for Order Preference by Similarity to Ideal Solution (TOPSIS), optimizing the selection process by exploring a wider solution space. Additionally, accessibility analysis assessed emergency response coverage, ensuring efficient response times. This multi-methodological framework ensures a robust, data-driven approach to site selection, optimizing accessibility, minimizing environmental impact, and promoting sustainable urban transportation. It advances strategic infrastructure planning, sets a precedent for integrating advanced analytic techniques to handle uncertainty and automate site selection in spatial decision-making, and is adaptable to diverse urban contexts.
加氢站(HRS)的战略布局对于成功采用氢燃料电池汽车(HFCV)和促进可持续城市交通至关重要。然而,现有的使用地理信息系统(GIS)和多标准决策(MCDM)的空间决策模型往往止步于生成适宜性地图,并依赖于简单或任意的站点布置方法,如固定服务半径,而没有优化忽略固有不确定性的空间分布,从而限制了决策过程的有效性。本研究开发了一种先进的空间决策模型,用于处理不确定性并优化捷克布拉格的 HRS 布点。该模型整合了多种方法:(i) 利用 21 项标准,涵盖可达性、环境、基础设施和社会经济等维度,并使用模糊分析层次过程(FAHP)对标准权重进行优先排序,以管理专家判断中的不确定性。地理信息系统适宜性分析确定了最佳区域,18.13%的布拉格被归类为非常适合部署 HRS 的区域。(ii) 采用模糊 C-Means(FCM)聚类法优化站点分布,解决 HRS 布点的不确定性,提出了 10 个最佳地点,并通过 0.68 的 Silhouette 分数验证。(iii) 通过敏感性分析评估模型性能,揭示对标准变化的响应。为了对建议的 HRS 位置进行评估和排序,我们将遗传算法(GA)与理想解决方案相似性排序偏好技术(TOPSIS)相结合,通过探索更广阔的解决方案空间来优化选择过程。此外,可达性分析评估了应急响应覆盖范围,确保了高效的响应时间。这一多方法框架确保了以数据为导向的稳健选址方法,优化了可达性,最大限度地减少了对环境的影响,并促进了可持续的城市交通。它推进了战略性基础设施规划,开创了在空间决策中整合先进分析技术以处理不确定性和自动选址的先例,并适用于不同的城市环境。
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引用次数: 0
Impact of scaling laws of permanent magnet synchronous machines on the accuracy of energy consumption computation of electric vehicles 永磁同步电机标度规律对电动汽车能耗计算精度的影响
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100269
Ayoub Aroua , Walter Lhomme , Florian Verbelen , Mohamed N. Ibrahim , Alain Bouscayrol , Peter Sergeant , Kurt Stockman

This paper compares the impact of two scaling methods of electric machines on the energy consumption of electric vehicles. The first one is the linear losses-to-power scaling method of efficiency maps, which is widely used in powertrain design studies. While the second is the geometric scaling method. Linear scaling assumes that the losses of a reference machine are linearly scaled according to the new desired power rating. This assumption is questionable and yet its impact on the energy consumption of electric vehicles remains unknown. Geometric scaling enables rapid and accurate recalculation of the parameters of the scaled machines based on scaling laws validated by finite element analysis. For this comparison, a reference machine design of 80 kW is downscaled with a power scaling factor of 0.58 and upscaled considering a power scaling of 1.96. For comparative purposes, optimal combinations of geometric scaling factors are determined. The scaled machines are derived to fit the driving requirements of two electric vehicles, namely a light-duty vehicle and a medium-duty truck. The comparison is performed for 9 standardized driving cycles. The results show that the maximal relative difference between linear and geometric scaling in terms of energy consumption is 3.5% for the case of the light-duty vehicle, compared with 1.2% for the case of the truck. The findings of this work provide evidence that linear scaling can continue to be used in system-level design studies with a relatively low impact on energy consumption. This is of high interest considering the simplicity of linear scaling and its potential for time-saving in the early development phases of electric vehicles.

本文比较了两种电机定标方法对电动汽车能耗的影响。第一种是效率图的线性损失功率比例法,该方法广泛应用于动力总成设计研究。第二种是几何缩放法。线性缩放假设参考机器的损耗根据新的期望功率额定值线性缩放。这一假设值得商榷,但其对电动汽车能耗的影响仍不得而知。几何缩放可以根据经有限元分析验证的缩放规律快速准确地重新计算缩放后的机器参数。为了进行比较,参考机器设计为80 kW,按功率缩放系数为0.58进行缩小,按功率缩放系数为1.96进行放大。为了便于比较,确定了几何比例因子的最佳组合。根据两种电动汽车,即轻型汽车和中型卡车的行驶要求,推导出了缩放后的机器。在9个标准化驾驶循环中进行了比较。结果表明,在能源消耗方面,轻型汽车的线性和几何尺度之间的最大相对差异为3.5%,而卡车的相对差异为1.2%。这项工作的发现提供了证据,线性缩放可以继续在系统级设计研究中使用,对能耗的影响相对较低。考虑到线性缩放的简单性及其在电动汽车早期开发阶段节省时间的潜力,这是非常有趣的。
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引用次数: 2
High-precision and efficiency diagnosis for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on physical mechanism and deep learning 基于物理机理和深度学习的聚合物电解质膜燃料电池高精度高效诊断
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100275
Zhichao Gong , Bowen Wang , Yanqiu Xing , Yifan Xu , Zhengguo Qin , Yongqian Chen , Fan Zhang , Fei Gao , Bin Li , Yan Yin , Qing Du , Kui Jiao

As a nonlinear and dynamic system, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system requires a comprehensive failure prediction and health management system to ensure its safety and reliability. In this study, a data-driven PEMFC health diagnosis framework is proposed, coupling the fault embedding model, sensor pre-selection method and deep learning diagnosis model. Firstly, a physical-based mechanism fault embedding model of PEMFC is developed to collect the data on various health states. This model can be utilized to determine the effects of different faults on cell performance and assist in the pre-selection of sensors. Then, considering the effect of fault pattern on decline, a sensor pre-selection method based on the analytical model is proposed to filter the insensitive variable from the sensor set. The diagnosis accuracy and computational time could be improved 3.7% and 40% with the help of pre-selection approach, respectively. Finally, the data collected by the optimal sensor set is utilized to develop the fault diagnosis model based on 1D-convolutional neural network (CNN). The results show that the proposed health diagnosis framework has better diagnosis performance compared with other popular diagnosis models and is conducive to online diagnosis, with 99.2% accuracy, higher computational efficiency, faster convergence speed and smaller training error. It is demonstrated that faster convergence speed and smaller training error are reflected in the proposed health diagnosis framework, which can significantly reduce computational costs.

聚合物电解质膜燃料电池(PEMFC)系统作为一个非线性动态系统,需要一个全面的故障预测和健康管理系统来保证其安全性和可靠性。本研究提出了一种数据驱动的PEMFC健康诊断框架,将故障嵌入模型、传感器预选方法和深度学习诊断模型相结合。首先,建立了基于物理机制的PEMFC故障嵌入模型,用于采集各种健康状态数据;该模型可用于确定不同故障对电池性能的影响,并有助于传感器的预选。然后,考虑故障模式对衰落的影响,提出了一种基于解析模型的传感器预选方法,从传感器集中筛选出不敏感变量。预选方法的诊断准确率和计算时间分别提高3.7%和40%。最后,利用最优传感器集收集的数据建立基于一维卷积神经网络(CNN)的故障诊断模型。结果表明,与其他流行的诊断模型相比,所提出的健康诊断框架具有更好的诊断性能,有利于在线诊断,准确率达到99.2%,计算效率更高,收敛速度更快,训练误差更小。结果表明,该健康诊断框架具有更快的收敛速度和更小的训练误差,可以显著降低计算成本。
{"title":"High-precision and efficiency diagnosis for polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell based on physical mechanism and deep learning","authors":"Zhichao Gong ,&nbsp;Bowen Wang ,&nbsp;Yanqiu Xing ,&nbsp;Yifan Xu ,&nbsp;Zhengguo Qin ,&nbsp;Yongqian Chen ,&nbsp;Fan Zhang ,&nbsp;Fei Gao ,&nbsp;Bin Li ,&nbsp;Yan Yin ,&nbsp;Qing Du ,&nbsp;Kui Jiao","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2023.100275","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2023.100275","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>As a nonlinear and dynamic system, the polymer electrolyte membrane fuel cell (PEMFC) system requires a comprehensive failure prediction and health management system to ensure its safety and reliability. In this study, a data-driven PEMFC health diagnosis framework is proposed, coupling the fault embedding model, sensor pre-selection method and deep learning diagnosis model. Firstly, a physical-based mechanism fault embedding model of PEMFC is developed to collect the data on various health states. This model can be utilized to determine the effects of different faults on cell performance and assist in the pre-selection of sensors. Then, considering the effect of fault pattern on decline, a sensor pre-selection method based on the analytical model is proposed to filter the insensitive variable from the sensor set. The diagnosis accuracy and computational time could be improved 3.7% and 40% with the help of pre-selection approach, respectively. Finally, the data collected by the optimal sensor set is utilized to develop the fault diagnosis model based on 1D-convolutional neural network (CNN). The results show that the proposed health diagnosis framework has better diagnosis performance compared with other popular diagnosis models and is conducive to online diagnosis, with 99.2% accuracy, higher computational efficiency, faster convergence speed and smaller training error. It is demonstrated that faster convergence speed and smaller training error are reflected in the proposed health diagnosis framework, which can significantly reduce computational costs.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100275"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49123392","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 0
A review on ammonia-hydrogen fueled internal combustion engines 氨氢燃料内燃机研究进展
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100288
Yunliang Qi , Wei Liu , Shang Liu , Wei Wang , Yue Peng , Zhi Wang

In the face of the electrification trend in transportation, the internal combustion engine (ICE) is expected to continue playing a vital role in generating electricity for power systems or directly propelling vehicles in certain sectors. However, ICEs are also under significant pressure to achieve carbon neutrality, with the key lying in carbon-free fuels. Ammonia, compared to hydrogen, offers advantages in terms of hydrogen-carrying capacity, storage and transportation convenience, and safety, making it a promising carbon-free fuel for large-scale use in ICEs. Nonetheless, ammonia's combustion inertness poses challenges for its application, requiring efforts to enhance its combustion. Hydrogen, as a carbon-free and highly reactive fuel, serves as a powerful combustion promoter, maximizing the carbon-free effect of ammonia. Furthermore, on-board ammonia decomposition can produce hydrogen, ensuring a stable hydrogen supply and enabling ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion while carrying only ammonia. This ammonia-hydrogen synergy combustion, based on on-board hydrogen production, presents a highly promising development direction for ammonia engines. When combined with hybridization, it further enhances the overall energy efficiency of ammonia. The objective of this paper is to review recent advancements in ammonia-hydrogen engines, covering topics such as ignition methods and combustion strategies, fuel supply, pollutants, and after-treatment. Based on this review, a conceptual ammonia-hydrogen engine for hybrid power systems is proposed. This engine ignites the ammonia-hydrogen mixture in the main chamber using hydrogen active jet ignition, achieving spark-assisted compression ignition. Technical measures for efficient engine combustion, synergistic utilization of exhaust heat for hydrogen production, and effective after-treatment of NOx, unburned NH3, and N2O are discussed. At last, some perspectives on the development of ammonia-hydrogen engines are also presented.

面对交通运输的电气化趋势,内燃机(ICE)预计将继续在为电力系统发电或直接推动某些行业的车辆方面发挥重要作用。然而,ICEs在实现碳中和方面也面临巨大压力,关键在于无碳燃料。与氢相比,氨在载氢能力、储存和运输便利性以及安全性方面具有优势,是一种很有前途的无碳燃料,可在内燃机中大规模使用。尽管如此,氨的燃烧惰性对其应用提出了挑战,需要努力提高其燃烧性能。氢作为一种无碳、高活性的燃料,是一种强大的燃烧促进剂,最大限度地发挥氨的无碳效果。此外,车载氨分解可以产生氢气,确保稳定的氢气供应,并在仅携带氨的情况下实现氨氢协同燃烧。这种基于车载制氢的氨氢协同燃烧为氨发动机提供了一个非常有前景的发展方向。当与杂交结合时,它进一步提高了氨的整体能源效率。本文的目的是回顾氨氢发动机的最新进展,涵盖点火方法和燃烧策略、燃料供应、污染物和后处理等主题。在此基础上,提出了一种用于混合动力系统的概念性氨氢发动机。该发动机使用氢气主动喷射点火点燃主室内的氨氢混合物,实现火花辅助压缩点火。讨论了发动机高效燃烧、余热协同利用制氢以及NOx、未燃NH3和N2O有效后处理的技术措施。最后,对氨氢发动机的发展前景进行了展望。
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引用次数: 3
Challenges and opportunities of practical sulfide-based all-solid-state batteries 实用硫化物基全固态电池的挑战和机遇
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100272
Dongsheng Ren , Languang Lu , Rui Hua , Gaolong Zhu , Xiang Liu , Yuqiong Mao , Xinyu Rui , Shan Wang , Bosheng Zhao , Hao Cui , Min Yang , Haorui Shen , Chen-Zi Zhao , Li Wang , Xiangming He , Saiyue Liu , Yukun Hou , Tiening Tan , Pengbo Wang , Yoshiaki Nitta , Minggao Ouyang

All-solid-state batteries (ASSBs) are regarded as the most promising next-generation batteries for electric vehicles in virtue of their potential advantages of enhanced safety, high energy density and power capability. Among the ASSBs based on various solid electrolytes (SEs), sulfide-based ASSBs have attracted increasing attention due to the high ionic conductivity of sulfide SEs which is comparable to that of liquid electrolytes. Extensive efforts from academia and industry have been made to develop sulfide-based ASSBs, and several significant progress has been achieved in recent years. However, successful fabrication of high-performance sulfide-based ASSBs has been rarely reported, and the practical application of sulfide-based ASSBs still faces a variety of challenges. Herein, following a bottom-up approach, we present a comprehensive review of the critical issues of practical sulfide-based ASSBs from the material, interface, composite electrode to cell levels. The existing challenges, recent advances, and future research directions of sulfide-based ASSBs at multiple levels are discussed. Finally, several fabrication processes for scaling up sulfide-based ASSBs and existing pilot/mass production schedules of sulfide-based ASSBs of the leading companies are also introduced. Facing the existing challenges and future opportunities, we highly encourage joint efforts and cooperation across the battery community to promote the practical application of sulfide-based ASSBs.

全固态电池(assb)具有安全性强、能量密度高、动力能力强等潜在优势,被认为是最有前途的下一代电动汽车电池。在基于各种固体电解质(SEs)的assb中,硫化物基assb因其具有与液体电解质相当的高离子电导率而越来越受到人们的关注。近年来,学术界和工业界对硫化物基assb的开发进行了广泛的努力,并取得了一些重大进展。然而,成功制备高性能硫化物基assb的报道很少,硫化物基assb的实际应用仍面临各种挑战。在此,遵循自下而上的方法,我们从材料,界面,复合电极到电池水平全面回顾了实用硫化物基assb的关键问题。从多个层面讨论了硫化物基assb存在的挑战、最新进展和未来的研究方向。最后,还介绍了几种扩大硫化物基assb的制造工艺以及领先公司现有的硫化物基assb中试/量产计划。面对当前的挑战和未来的机遇,我们高度鼓励电池界共同努力与合作,推动硫化物基assb的实际应用。
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引用次数: 0
Improve multi-energy supply microgrid resilience using mobile hydrogen trucks based on transportation network 基于交通网络的移动氢能卡车提高多能源供应微电网弹性
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100265
Bei Li , Jiangchen Li , Bingcong Jian

Nowadays, multi-energy supply utility grid system has witnessed the destruction of increasing natural disasters. Under the disasters, the energy supply capability from the utility grid system to the end-user microgrids is decreased, which is due to the destruction of the system infrastructure. Thus, how to improve the resilience of the microgrids under disasters is an essential problem. In this paper, a mobile hydrogen truck-assisted methodology is proposed to deliver hydrogen tanks to end-user microgrids via transportation network to resist to the natural disasters. First, a temporal–spatial destructive model of the natural disasters based on the grid division is presented, and the dynamical energy supply ability of an IEEE30+gas20+heat14 utility grid system is derived. Second, a hydrogen tank delivering model from hydrogen company to microgrids based on transportation network is presented. Third, a real-world transportation network based on SUMO simulator is linked with Matlab to simulate the real-time coupling between transportation network and power network. Last, microgrids optimal operation based on the temporal–spatial destructive model and hydrogen tank delivering model is presented. The simulation results show that with the assistance of the arrived hydrogen tanks through real-world transportation network in microgrid, one can indeed reduce load shedding. However, when considering the damaged transportation network, the saving loads are reduced due to the increase of the mobile hydrogen storage delivery time. It reveals that delivering mobile hydrogen tanks to end-user microgrids can effectively improve the system resilience.

目前,多能源供电公用电网系统受到越来越多的自然灾害的破坏。在灾害条件下,由于系统基础设施的破坏,电网系统向终端用户微电网的供能能力下降。因此,如何提高微电网在灾害条件下的恢复能力是一个至关重要的问题。本文提出了一种移动氢车辅助的方法,通过运输网络将氢罐运送到终端用户微电网,以抵御自然灾害。首先,建立了基于网格划分的自然灾害时空破坏模型,推导了IEEE30+gas20+heat14公用电网系统的动态供能能力。其次,提出了基于交通网络的氢能公司向微电网输送氢罐的模型。第三,将基于SUMO模拟器的现实交通网络与Matlab相结合,模拟交通网络与电网的实时耦合。最后,提出了基于时空破坏模型和氢罐输送模型的微电网优化运行。仿真结果表明,在微电网实际运输网络中到达的氢罐的辅助下,确实可以减少减载。然而,考虑到运输网络的损坏,由于移动储氢交付时间的增加,节省的负荷会减少。研究表明,向终端用户微电网提供移动氢罐可以有效提高系统的弹性。
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引用次数: 0
Interpretable deep learning for accelerated fading recognition of lithium-ion batteries 加速锂离子电池衰落识别的可解释深度学习
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100281
Chang Wang , Ying Chen , Weiling Luan , Songyang Li , Yiming Yao , Haofeng Chen

Data-driven approaches have gained increasing attention in the field of battery life-related prediction, as building a comprehensive mechanistic degradation model remains a challenge. Deep learning has emerged as a powerful data-driven fitting method for battery-related applications. However, interpretability remains an issue in this field, hindering the practical utilization of deep learning methods. With the development of interpretable techniques, deep learning methods not only can be conducted as black box tools for fitting, but also for exploring the relationship between external battery data and internal electrochemical changes. In this paper, an interpretable deep learning procedure is proposed and exemplified by accelerated fading point (knee-point) recognition based on an open battery dataset. The Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping (Grad-CAM) is conducted to explain the link between the input and output of the trained convolutional neural networks (CNN) model. The trained CNN model possesses deep insight into battery degradation, giving the very first warning when accelerated fading occurs. Through interpretability analysis, it is confirmed that the well-trained model can spontaneously focus on features associated with internal battery degradation and identify some additional features beyond existing human experience. The proposed method can be used to discover the relationship between battery data and degradation mechanism by artificial intelligence in the electric vehicles (EVs) field.

数据驱动的方法在电池寿命预测领域受到越来越多的关注,因为建立一个全面的机制退化模型仍然是一个挑战。深度学习已经成为电池相关应用中强大的数据驱动拟合方法。然而,可解释性仍然是该领域的一个问题,阻碍了深度学习方法的实际应用。随着可解释技术的发展,深度学习方法不仅可以作为黑匣子工具进行拟合,还可以用于探索电池外部数据与内部电化学变化之间的关系。本文提出了一种可解释的深度学习方法,并以基于开放电池数据集的加速衰落点(膝点)识别为例。采用梯度加权类激活映射(Gradient-weighted Class Activation Mapping, Grad-CAM)来解释训练后的卷积神经网络(CNN)模型的输入和输出之间的联系。训练后的CNN模型对电池退化具有深刻的洞察力,在加速衰落发生时给出第一个警告。通过可解释性分析,证实训练良好的模型可以自发地关注与电池内部退化相关的特征,并识别出一些超出现有人类经验的附加特征。该方法可用于电动汽车领域的人工智能电池数据与退化机制之间的关系。
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引用次数: 0
Nonlinear aging knee-point prediction for lithium-ion batteries faced with different application scenarios 不同应用场景下锂离子电池非线性老化膝点预测
IF 11.9 1区 工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS Pub Date : 2023-10-01 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2023.100270
Heze You , Jiangong Zhu , Xueyuan Wang , Bo Jiang , Xuezhe Wei , Haifeng Dai

The capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will accelerate after long-term cycling, showing nonlinear aging features, which not only shortens the long-term life of LIBs, but also seriously endangers their safety. In this paper, by introducing the concept of nonlinear aging degree, a knee-point identification method based on the maximum distance method is established, and the nonlinear aging behavior of LIBs is identified and marked, so as to know whether the nonlinear aging phenomenon has occurred. Furthermore, two knee-point prediction methods have been proposed and compared. The direct knee-point prediction method based on stacked long short-term memory (S-LSTM) neural network and sliding window method is proposed for the scenarios of battery development, early performance evaluation and online application. For scenarios such as echelon utilization and post-safety evaluation, an indirect knee-point prediction method combining capacity prediction and knee-point identification algorithm is proposed. Through multi-dimensional comparison of the two methods, the strengths and weaknesses of their applicable scenarios are analyzed. Our work has guiding significance for finding the ideal replacement opportunity of LIBs in different scenarios, so that the user can be reminded whether to maintain or replace the battery, which greatly reduces the risk of battery safety problems.

锂离子电池在长期循环后,其容量退化会加速,呈现出非线性老化特征,不仅缩短了锂离子电池的长期寿命,而且严重危及锂离子电池的安全。本文通过引入非线性老化程度的概念,建立了基于最大距离法的膝点识别方法,对lib的非线性老化行为进行识别和标记,从而判断是否发生了非线性老化现象。提出了两种膝点预测方法,并进行了比较。针对电池研发、早期性能评估和在线应用等场景,提出了基于堆叠长短期记忆(S-LSTM)神经网络和滑动窗口法的直接膝点预测方法。针对梯队利用和安全后评价等场景,提出了一种结合容量预测和膝点识别算法的间接膝点预测方法。通过对两种方法的多维度比较,分析了各自适用场景的优缺点。我们的工作对于寻找不同场景下锂电池的理想更换时机,从而提醒用户是否需要维护或更换电池,大大降低电池安全问题的风险,具有指导意义。
{"title":"Nonlinear aging knee-point prediction for lithium-ion batteries faced with different application scenarios","authors":"Heze You ,&nbsp;Jiangong Zhu ,&nbsp;Xueyuan Wang ,&nbsp;Bo Jiang ,&nbsp;Xuezhe Wei ,&nbsp;Haifeng Dai","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2023.100270","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2023.100270","url":null,"abstract":"<div><p>The capacity degradation of lithium-ion batteries (LIBs) will accelerate after long-term cycling, showing nonlinear aging features, which not only shortens the long-term life of LIBs, but also seriously endangers their safety. In this paper, by introducing the concept of nonlinear aging degree, a knee-point identification method based on the maximum distance method is established, and the nonlinear aging behavior of LIBs is identified and marked, so as to know whether the nonlinear aging phenomenon has occurred. Furthermore, two knee-point prediction methods have been proposed and compared. The direct knee-point prediction method based on stacked long short-term memory (S-LSTM) neural network and sliding window method is proposed for the scenarios of battery development, early performance evaluation and online application. For scenarios such as echelon utilization and post-safety evaluation, an indirect knee-point prediction method combining capacity prediction and knee-point identification algorithm is proposed. Through multi-dimensional comparison of the two methods, the strengths and weaknesses of their applicable scenarios are analyzed. Our work has guiding significance for finding the ideal replacement opportunity of LIBs in different scenarios, so that the user can be reminded whether to maintain or replace the battery, which greatly reduces the risk of battery safety problems.</p></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"18 ","pages":"Article 100270"},"PeriodicalIF":11.9,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48208305","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
引用次数: 2
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Etransportation
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