Etransportation最新文献

Degradation and expansion of lithium-ion batteries with silicon/graphite anodes: Impact of pretension, temperature, C-rate and state-of-charge window

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-19 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100416

Zhiwen Wan , Sravan Pannala , Charles Solbrig , Taylor R. Garrick , Anna G. Stefanopoulou , Jason B. Siegel

Lithium-ion batteries with silicon/graphite (Si/Gr) anodes achieve higher energy densities but face challenges such as rapid capacity fade, resistance growth, and complex expansion behavior under various cycling conditions. This study systematically addresses these challenges through a comprehensive test matrix to investigate the effects of pressure, temperature, state-of-charge (SoC) windows, and charge rates (C-rates) on the evolution of expansion, resistance, and capacity behavior over the lifetime of the battery. Increasing the applied pressure between 34 and 172 kPa reduced both reversible and irreversible expansion per cycle, as well as resistance growth over time, without significantly impacting capacity fade. Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy (EIS) confirmed that increased pressure lowered initial solution resistance and mitigated the further growth of the solution and solid electrolyte interphase (SEI) resistance. Elevated temperature (45°C) extended battery cycle life despite an initial increase in resistance. The lifetime impedance increase under 45°C was dominated by SEI resistance. Consistent with prior studies, operating in a narrow SoC window at high SoC minimized capacity loss. Additionally, charge rates up to 2C had a limited effect on the overall degradation trends. Incremental capacity analysis (ICA) and differential voltage analysis (DVA) identified lithium inventory loss (LLI) as the primary cause of pre-knee degradation, whereas post-knee degradation resulted from a combination of LLI and anode-active material loss, particularly silicon. The deeper understanding of degradation mechanisms in batteries with Si/Gr anodes provided by this work enables the optimal packaging design and selection of operating conditions for the battery management system to extend battery cycle life.

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引用次数: 0

A survey of machine learning applications in advanced transportation systems: Trends, techniques, and future directions

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100417

Yuzhong Zhang, Songyang Zhang, Venkata Dinavahi

In recent years, artificial intelligence (AI) has revolutionized numerous sectors, including advanced transportation systems (ATS). This paper presents a comprehensive review of the latest machine learning (ML) applications within ATS, encompassing air, marine, and land transport modes. The review systematically categorizes and evaluates ML applications in four key subdomains: more-electric aircraft (MEA), all-electric ships (AES), high-speed rail (HSR), and electric vehicles (EV). A total of 124 articles were analyzed, spanning January 2014 to December 2023, to identify the global focus and results of ML in ATS. Our findings reveal that ML methods significantly improve predictive maintenance, energy management, fault diagnosis, and system optimization in ATS. However, the adoption and integration of ML face challenges related to data quality, model complexity, and real-time implementation. This review serves as a multidisciplinary research roadmap, considering ATS as a whole and taking a broad perspective of ML applications in ATS; highlighting open challenges and future directions, including dealing with data limitations, computational demands, applying transformers for time series forecasting, applying other emerging ML methods in ATS, and combining different ML approaches. The insights provided aim to facilitate further adoption of ML by both academia and industry, ultimately contributing to the evolution of intelligent and efficient transportation systems.

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引用次数: 0

Techno-economic analysis of energy storage systems integrated with ultra-fast charging stations: A dutch case study

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100411

A. Ahmad, J. Meyboom, P. Bauer, Z. Qin

A fast and efficient charging infrastructure has become indispensable in the evolving energy landscape and thriving electric vehicle (EV) market. Irrespective of the charging stations’ internal alternating current (AC) or direct current (DC) bus configurations, the main concern is the exponential growth in charging demands, resulting in network congestion issues. In the context of exponential EV growth and the provision of charging facilities from low-voltage distribution networks, the distribution network may require frequent upgrades to meet the rising charging demands. To avoid network congestion problems and minimize operational expenses (OE) by integrating energy storage systems (ESS) into ultra-fast charging stations (UFCS). This paper presents a techno-economic analysis of a UFCS equipped with a battery ESS (BESS). To reduce reliance on the electric grid and minimize OE, a dual-objective optimization problem is formulated and solved via grid search and dual-simplex algorithms. Analytical energy and physical BESS models are employed to evaluate the optimization matrices. The intricacies of BESS aging are examined to ensure an optimal BESS size with a more extensive lifespan than the corresponding payback period. The integrated BESS significantly reduced reliance on the grid to tackle network congestion while fulfilling charging demands. The dynamic pricing (DP) structure has proven more favorable, as the average per unit cost remains lower than the static tariff (ST). Results illustrate that integrating BESS reduces the OE and peak-to-average ratio (PAR) by 5-to-49% and 16-to-73%, respectively. Moreover, the combination of 70% BESS and 30% grid capacities outperforms the other configurations with a 73% reduction in PAR and a 49% reduction in OE before BESS reaches the end-of-life.

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引用次数: 0

Optimising fast-charging infrastructure for long-haul electric trucks in remote regions under adverse climate conditions

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100414

Albert Alonso-Villar , Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir , Hlynur Stefánsson , Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson , Ragnar Kristjánsson

This study proposes a novel methodology for planning fast-charging infrastructure for long-haul battery-electric trucks (BETs) in low-traffic flow regions. The research addresses the challenge of early-stage charging infrastructure development and optimally locating fast-charging stations (FCS) in remote areas, with a focus on minimising routing time and ensuring reliability.

The proposed approach integrates a vehicle energy consumption, a non-linear charging optimisation framework, and a queueing model to design an efficient fast-charging station network in Iceland's Reykjavík-Westfjords freight routes under harsh climate and freight conditions.

Findings indicate that larger batteries and higher charging rates significantly reduce additional routing times. Trucks with 540 kWh battery capacity using 500 kW chargers require minimal extra time, averaging 25 min, while trucks with 360 kWh batteries and 350 kW charging rates experience longer delays, averaging 83 min. These results highlight the impact of battery capacity and charging power on route electrification feasibility and suggest potential alignment with freight schedules.

This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and fleet operators to guide fast-charging infrastructure development and prioritise investments, contributing to the broader goal of freight transport electrification. Future research should investigate the potential impact of the derived charging loads on the power grid.

{"title":"Optimising fast-charging infrastructure for long-haul electric trucks in remote regions under adverse climate conditions","authors":"Albert Alonso-Villar , Brynhildur Davíðsdóttir , Hlynur Stefánsson , Eyjólfur Ingi Ásgeirsson , Ragnar Kristjánsson","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100414","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100414","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>This study proposes a novel methodology for planning fast-charging infrastructure for long-haul battery-electric trucks (BETs) in low-traffic flow regions. The research addresses the challenge of early-stage charging infrastructure development and optimally locating fast-charging stations (FCS) in remote areas, with a focus on minimising routing time and ensuring reliability.</div><div>The proposed approach integrates a vehicle energy consumption, a non-linear charging optimisation framework, and a queueing model to design an efficient fast-charging station network in Iceland's Reykjavík-Westfjords freight routes under harsh climate and freight conditions.</div><div>Findings indicate that larger batteries and higher charging rates significantly reduce additional routing times. Trucks with 540 kWh battery capacity using 500 kW chargers require minimal extra time, averaging 25 min, while trucks with 360 kWh batteries and 350 kW charging rates experience longer delays, averaging 83 min. These results highlight the impact of battery capacity and charging power on route electrification feasibility and suggest potential alignment with freight schedules.</div><div>This study provides valuable insights for policymakers and fleet operators to guide fast-charging infrastructure development and prioritise investments, contributing to the broader goal of freight transport electrification. Future research should investigate the potential impact of the derived charging loads on the power grid.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100414"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143642481","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A multi-scenario data-driven approach for anomaly detection in electric vehicle battery systems

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100418

Zirun Jia , Zhenpo Wang , Zhenyu Sun , Xin Sun , Peng Liu , Franco Ruzzenenti

The increasing adoption of electric vehicle (EV) emphasizes the need for safer battery systems. However, detecting anomalies during charging and discharging processes remains challenging due to the high variability and complexity of EV operational data. This study proposes a multi-scenario data-driven framework to address these challenges. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient is employed for feature selection in charging scenarios, while a Time Series Shape Feature Extraction Algorithm is developed for discharging scenarios to reduce data dimensionality while preserving critical information. An enhanced Transformer model integrated with a Generative Adversarial Network reconstructs voltage data, capturing complex temporal dependencies. Additionally, an improved Cumulative Sum algorithm with a sliding window mechanism enhances sensitivity to localized anomalies. Validation with real-world EV data demonstrates F₁ score of 90.38 % in charging and 86.55 % in discharging, outperforming existing methods. Moreover, the framework can detect anomalies at least two charging and discharging cycles (67 h) before thermal runaway occur. Additionally, a techno-economic analysis reveals that the framework could prevent up to $692.99 million in economic losses for China's EV fleet by reducing fire-related incidents. The presented framework enhance safety, reduce risks, and offer substantial economic benefits, demonstrating its potential for large-scale application in the EV industry.

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引用次数: 0

Electric flying vehicles: A promising approach towards multidimensional transportation

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-03-05 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100412

Shichun Yang , Changlong Chen , Aojie Li , Qing Wang , Liang Zhang , Fei Chen , Sida Zhou , Xiaoyu Yan

The multidimensional transportation system provides an effective solution for solving the traffic congestion problems. Electric flying vehicles have drawn much attention towards low-altitude intelligent transportation as the promising passenger carrier, which have significant differences than conventional road vehicles or aircraft owing to their ability on multi-domain transport between land and air. Considering the integration of electrification, connection, and intelligence, the electric flying vehicles become the research hotspot, guiding the development of future scientific and technological revolution and leading the industrial change in transportation. In this article, a comprehensive in-sight review of the research progress of flying vehicles is summarized, from the view of main essential techniques, industrialization, airworthiness and access, challenges and perspectives. The main worldwide advances on aerodynamic configuration are summarized with detailed comparison, and the key techniques are discussed for directing future potential breakthrough. The electrification of flying vehicle still needs more improvement, including the high-energy-density batteries, safety, long-lifespan health management, environmental adaptability, recharging methods, thermal management and others. Moreover, the general progress of airworthiness regulation and industrialization is overviewed. The article highlights the detail panorama of flying vehicle industry, wishing it to help find out the weak in the industrial chain or new growing subject discipline. In future, the electric flying vehicles will have large-scale applications in next 10 years, but there still amounts of techniques and basic theories to explore. The article hopes to delivers a comprehensive and thorough review of current progress, to help improve the better design of new configuration products and breakthrough of essential techniques, making the flying vehicle to construct a multidimensional transportation network.

{"title":"Electric flying vehicles: A promising approach towards multidimensional transportation","authors":"Shichun Yang , Changlong Chen , Aojie Li , Qing Wang , Liang Zhang , Fei Chen , Sida Zhou , Xiaoyu Yan","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100412","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100412","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The multidimensional transportation system provides an effective solution for solving the traffic congestion problems. Electric flying vehicles have drawn much attention towards low-altitude intelligent transportation as the promising passenger carrier, which have significant differences than conventional road vehicles or aircraft owing to their ability on multi-domain transport between land and air. Considering the integration of electrification, connection, and intelligence, the electric flying vehicles become the research hotspot, guiding the development of future scientific and technological revolution and leading the industrial change in transportation. In this article, a comprehensive in-sight review of the research progress of flying vehicles is summarized, from the view of main essential techniques, industrialization, airworthiness and access, challenges and perspectives. The main worldwide advances on aerodynamic configuration are summarized with detailed comparison, and the key techniques are discussed for directing future potential breakthrough. The electrification of flying vehicle still needs more improvement, including the high-energy-density batteries, safety, long-lifespan health management, environmental adaptability, recharging methods, thermal management and others. Moreover, the general progress of airworthiness regulation and industrialization is overviewed. The article highlights the detail panorama of flying vehicle industry, wishing it to help find out the weak in the industrial chain or new growing subject discipline. In future, the electric flying vehicles will have large-scale applications in next 10 years, but there still amounts of techniques and basic theories to explore. The article hopes to delivers a comprehensive and thorough review of current progress, to help improve the better design of new configuration products and breakthrough of essential techniques, making the flying vehicle to construct a multidimensional transportation network.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100412"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-03-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143724039","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Degradation of lithium-ion batteries under automotive-like conditions: P2D model-based understanding and ex-situ validation

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-02-28 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100410

G. Sordi , A. Stecchini , R. Evangelista , D. Luder , W. Li , D.U. Sauer , A. Casalegno , C. Rabissi

Despite its worldwide commercialisation, the degradation of lithium-ion battery technology is still a hot research topic. Batteries are known to decrease in capacity and increase in internal resistance, but it is quite uncommon to further investigate the performance decay, distinguishing classes of ageing mechanisms (resistive, kinetic and mass-transport) and relating them with the operation. This work exploits the P2D model to understand the performance decay of ageing cells from a physical perspective. A complex experimental campaign combining 13 different automotive-like cycles, applied to commercial battery samples to recreate the degradation of batteries under realistic conditions, is analysed with such methodology. Along the ageing tests, physical models' parameters are periodically identified by means of particle swarm optimisation applied over characterisation tests. Parameter evolution is then correlated with specific degradation mechanisms, related operating conditions and performance decay. A significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity and lithium solid-state diffusivity within the positive electrode are detected, progressively inducing heterogeneous operation and worsening of both efficiency and capacity retention. Particularly, cycle depth appears to promote particle cracking and loss of positive electrode material. Post-mortem analyses are then performed to support the interpretations on degradation mechanisms, confirming the degradation of electrolyte and positive electrode.

{"title":"Degradation of lithium-ion batteries under automotive-like conditions: P2D model-based understanding and ex-situ validation","authors":"G. Sordi , A. Stecchini , R. Evangelista , D. Luder , W. Li , D.U. Sauer , A. Casalegno , C. Rabissi","doi":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100410","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.etran.2025.100410","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Despite its worldwide commercialisation, the degradation of lithium-ion battery technology is still a hot research topic. Batteries are known to decrease in capacity and increase in internal resistance, but it is quite uncommon to further investigate the performance decay, distinguishing classes of ageing mechanisms (resistive, kinetic and mass-transport) and relating them with the operation. This work exploits the P2D model to understand the performance decay of ageing cells from a physical perspective. A complex experimental campaign combining 13 different automotive-like cycles, applied to commercial battery samples to recreate the degradation of batteries under realistic conditions, is analysed with such methodology. Along the ageing tests, physical models' parameters are periodically identified by means of particle swarm optimisation applied over characterisation tests. Parameter evolution is then correlated with specific degradation mechanisms, related operating conditions and performance decay. A significant decrease in electrolyte conductivity and lithium solid-state diffusivity within the positive electrode are detected, progressively inducing heterogeneous operation and worsening of both efficiency and capacity retention. Particularly, cycle depth appears to promote particle cracking and loss of positive electrode material. Post-mortem analyses are then performed to support the interpretations on degradation mechanisms, confirming the degradation of electrolyte and positive electrode.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":36355,"journal":{"name":"Etransportation","volume":"24 ","pages":"Article 100410"},"PeriodicalIF":15.0,"publicationDate":"2025-02-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143534415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":1,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

A comprehensive methodology for developing and evaluating driving cycles for electric vehicles using real-world data

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100409

Gwangryeol Lee , Jehwi Yeon , Namwook Kim , Suhan Park

This study presents a comprehensive methodology for developing optimized driving cycles for electric vehicles (EVs) based on real-world driving data from specific regions. This study encompasses the entire process, including route selection, speed data acquisition, data processing, and driving cycle generation, and utilizes simulation techniques to evaluate the generated driving cycles. In the data processing stage, realistic driving cycles were created by combining the micro-trip analysis, K-means clustering, Markov chain, and transition probability matrix methods. The generated driving cycles were validated through speed–acceleration frequency distribution analysis, confirming their accurate reflection of real-world driving data. Furthermore, simulations using MATLAB Simulink demonstrated that the generated driving cycles represented real driving environments more accurately than standard driving cycles, improving the precision of energy consumption predictions.

本研究基于特定地区的实际驾驶数据，提出了一种为电动汽车（EV）开发优化驾驶循环的综合方法。本研究涵盖了整个过程，包括路线选择、速度数据采集、数据处理和驾驶循环生成，并利用模拟技术对生成的驾驶循环进行评估。在数据处理阶段，结合微行程分析、K-均值聚类、马尔可夫链和过渡概率矩阵等方法，生成了真实的驾驶循环。通过速度-加速度频率分布分析，对生成的驾驶循环进行了验证，确认其准确反映了真实世界的驾驶数据。此外，使用 MATLAB Simulink 进行的仿真表明，生成的驾驶循环比标准驾驶循环更准确地反映了真实的驾驶环境，从而提高了能耗预测的精度。

引用次数: 0

Solid oxide fuel cells for aviation: A comparative evaluation against alternative propulsion technologies

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-02-27 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100408

Gabriele Peyrani, Paolo Marocco, Marta Gandiglio, Roberta Biga, Massimo Santarelli

Conventional aircraft emit high greenhouse gases, hindering aviation decarbonization. Among sustainable solutions, battery-electric planes face range limitations, while renewable fuels can cut emissions without sacrificing endurance. Fuel cells enable full electrification, powering propulsion and auxiliary systems. Although they have lower power density than combustion engines, their promising efficiency can potentially reduce overall weight.

This study compares fuel cell and conventional propulsion systems, focusing on Solid Oxide Fuel Cells (SOFCs) and Proton-Exchange Membrane Fuel Cells (PEMFCs). The initial literature review emphasizes the potential of SOFCs for aviation and discusses ongoing projects, forming the basis for the subsequent technical analysis. A break-even analysis examines flight durations in which fuel cell systems match the weight of conventional alternatives. Additionally, various fuels and storage methods, including jet fuel and hydrogen, are assessed. Results show that jet fuel SOFCs are currently the lightest fuel cell option, while PEMFCs with liquid hydrogen require higher power density and lighter storage to compete. Looking ahead, liquid hydrogen storage appears most viable, with PEMFCs better for short-range and SOFCs for long-range flights. An environmental analysis evaluates CO₂ emissions across European countries, identifying break-even grid carbon intensities for jet fuel and hydrogen SOFCs. These findings highlight fuel cells' potential to reduce aviation's environmental footprint.

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引用次数: 0

A novel reconfigurable supercapacitor system with equalization and surge current suppression to improve energy-utilization in supercapacitor urban transit systems

IF 15 1区工程技术 Q1 ENERGY & FUELS

Etransportation

Pub Date : 2025-02-26 DOI: 10.1016/j.etran.2025.100405

Zixiang Zhao , Jun Xu , Yao Feng , Zhaohuan Liu , Qi Lv , Xuesong Mei

—Supercapacitors (SCs), with their high energy density, long cycle life, and excellent low-temperature performance, have emerged as a highly suitable energy storage devices for the electrification of urban transit systems (UTSs), especially for the fast-charging applications. However, the wide voltage range of SCs results in low energy utilization for the SC UTSs. Reconfigurable SC systems (RSSs) are considered a promising solution to significantly improve energy utilization rate. However, the existing RSSs are unable to maximize energy utilization and lack effective equalization capability. Moreover, the surge phenomenon is common in the RSSs, which will lead to the power device failure. To tackle these challenges, a novel RSS is proposed, integrating series-parallel reconfiguration, reconfiguration equalization, and surge current suppression. This innovative approach enables achieving ultra-high energy utilization of the SCs while significantly improving voltage consistency. Furthermore, the surge current during the mode-switching process can be effectively suppressed. Experimental results demonstrate that the RSS achieves an impressive energy utilization rate of 93.7 %, which is 137.8 % higher than the fixed-connected supercapacitor pack, and 8.8 %–16.7 % higher than the existing RSSs. The voltage difference is reduced from 493 mV to a mere 13 mV, resulting in a further 10.9 % increase in energy utilization. The surge suppression method limits the surge current from 42.3 C rate to nearly zero. The RSS proposed can remarkably enhance the driving range of electric urban rail trains and electric buses, concurrently reducing the cost and volume of the SESSs.

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引用次数: 0